Coherence and Cohesion

COHERENCE AND coherency ========================================================== Abstract This paper discusses that a meaningful English schoolbook is always dogged. Also, the role of ropiness in a coherent English textual matter is discussed in the light of literature. In order to further agnize the signifi usher outce of glueyness in hold forth, we mystify testd twain English texts a poem, Daffodils by William Wordsworth and an advertisement from a UK website gumtree. co. uk. A report is then developed on the textual analysis, which discusses that opposite genres have contrastive elements that stick gumminess.However, it is noniced that lexical cohesiveness sortings strong sticky ties and bring coherence in miscue of twain the texts give outd. The paper argues that although cohesiveness is an chief(prenominal) aspect of developing a coherent text, yet coherence is overly possible without cohesion. Key actors tone tackiness, glueyness, textbook, Dis trail, Analysis 1. INTRODUCTION The focus of this paper is to re picture the concept of coherence and the greatness of cohesion in coherent texts. Coherence and cohesion ar classic aspects of language body structure and admitledge of the usage of the 2 devices is inborn for the scholars who write in English.Therefore, this paper has finicky signifi enkindlece for the contri howeverorship of this journal as this paper helps understand the two concepts through their application. It tries to make the concepts interesting and easily grasped by the number Asian readers, through textual analysis of two simple texts. The paper in ilk manner brings forth the importance of whatsoever separate devices, apart from cohesion, in developing a coherent English text these argon alike investigated in the sections discussing coherence. Firstly, we will introduce the preconditions cohesion and coherence as use in discourse analysis.Coherence is the device which identifies a text ( a passage that forms a unified whole), spoken or create verb entirelyy, in any language. On the other hand, cohesion is only bingle of the various elements which help forming coherent discourse. Cohesion provides relationship amidst polar items of discourse in a text. Coherence is a semantic relation, so is cohesion. Coherence is possible when cohesive devices, grammatical and lexical, combine to give meaning to the text by connecting it to a social context of use. Most historicly, a coherent text gouge be found without any cohesive ties used.In the following sections, we will be discussing scholarly view on the two terms in about detail. We will then consider and clarify our position with regard to cohesion and its role in the coherent text. Later in this paper, we will be analysing the coherence (including, of course, the cohesion) in two pieces of discourse. The report on the likeness mingled with the two analyses will follow. Finally, we will summarize the entire argu ment in the conclusion. 2. COHERENCE both unified piece of discourse is a coherent set of meters.Davies (2005) formulates the idea of a text when she theorises, non all sequences of dooms form texts- they have to be coherent sequences. Thus she marks coherence as an identicalness of a text. Halli mean solar day and Hassan (1976) followed by McCarthy (1991) and Paltridge (2006) used the term texture or textuality for coherence. Paltridge (2006) writes that the texture of a text arsehole be obtained where various items ar tied together to provide meaning to the text which in turn relate to the social context in which the text occurs. Hassan (198971 cited in Paltridge, 2006130) describes texture as a matter of meaning relations.Brown and Yule (1983) explain that in a coherent text the meaning is crown and the various fragments of the text seem connected either with or without cohesive devices. Hatch (1992) defines that the textual coherences fundament be obtained only if th e confabulation system, the social norms and restrictions, language scripts for particular spoken communication acts, suitable for particular speech scourts argon all considered c arfully. Thus, Brown and Yule (1983) and Hatch (1992) draw inly mention that, apart from cohesive ties, in that perspective argon other elements tangled in obtaining coherence.The various elements (excluding cohesion) take upd in a coherent text, as say by discourse analysts, include, context, schema, subtext and exophoric interview. Every text has a context, says Paltridge (2006). He finds that a context of the situation is essential to understand what is meant by what is state. He includes physical and social context and the mental world of the people involved in a discourse to be crucial in interpreting and understanding the meaning. McCarthy (1991) discusses the role of context nonwithstanding he warns about mixing it with co-text (the text surrounding a lexical item), which he mentions to be only a part of the roader term, context. Hatch (1992), however, discusses context under the heading of deixis. Deixis, according to him, argon linguistic markers that have a pointing function in a given discourse context. He, and so, discusses that person, spatial, temporal, discourse and social deixis describe the context of a text. Davies (2005) to a fault mentions the role of context and subtext ( narration between the lines) as cardinal to the coherence of any text. McCarthy (1991168) describes schema as the role of background knowledge in understanding the text.According to him, schemata involve two kinds of knowledge the knowledge of the world (content schemata) and the knowledge of the different forms of the text ( form-only(prenominal) schemata). Some scholars including Halliday and Hassan (1976) include exophoric conjure upence in the cohesive device of hitence I have in any case discussed it there. 3. COHESION Halliday and Hassan (1976) were the initiatory solid writers on the subject (cohesion). They drew the attention towards the importance of cohesion which, for them, refers to the range of possibilities that exist from linking something with what has gone earlier.Halliday and Hassan continue that one of the items in the cohesive pair can non be completely and effectively understand without consulting the other and both of these form important part of the text. Most other writers on the subject then explained the term following Halliday and Hassan. Zamel (1983) finds the role of the cohesive devices to be crucial as they can turn separate formula into a unified whole by developing relationships between those separate expression. Cook (1989) defines cohesive devices as formal cerebrate between sentences and clauses.Dubin and Olshtain (1980356 cited in Zamel, 1983) remark, The most important characteristic of cohesion is the fact that it does not constitute a class of items scarce rather a set of relations. A corresponding, rather to a greater extent comprehensive view, is given by Halliday and Hassan that cohesion is a semantic relation and thence, is independent of grammatical structure, for example, sentence boundaries etc. To this, Steffensen (1986) added that the intersentential ties are more important than the intrasentential ties.The reason behind this is, of course, that there are no other structural relations beat between sentences, as are present deep down a sentence. Halliday and Hassan have explained this idea, before Steffensen, as the cohesive ties between sentences are more noticeable than those within a sentence because in a sentence there are other sources of texture as well. 3. 1 Various Cohesive Devices Halliday and Hassan (1976) discuss Cohesion under five heads, denotation, substitution, eclipsis, connexion and lexical cohesion. merely according to them, cohesion can be broadly classified as grammatical (reference, substitution, ellipsis) and lexical (reiteration, juxtaposition). Ha lliday and Hassan keep conjunction on the borderline of the grammatical and lexical cohesion with the greater tilt on the grammatical side. Similar views are shared by Steffensen (1986), Hatch (1992223) and Paltridge (2006130). Following Halliday and Hassan, we will overly be reviewing literature under the resembling five heads. Reference, in the manner of speaking of Paltridge (2006), is the identity that an item of discourse reclaims through other item within or without the text.Referencing device, as noted by Cook (1989), usually, forms a string that links the expressions through the text. He exemplifies this as, Pineapple it.. it it.. it.. it. Halliday and Hassan (1976) also present a similar definition with a further explanation that when one item of the language appears second time in the discourse that is the continuity of reference. Salkie (1995) explains referents (it in the above example) as the sound outs which do not have a complete meaning on their own, they alway s refer to something. Considering the same, Brown and Yule (1983) suggest the term co-reference for reference.Salkie (1995), as well as Hatch (1992), agree with Halliday and Hassan over the collar types of cohesive references i. e. personal, gushing(prenominal) and proportional references. Apart from this, Halliday and Hassan remark that when the indication for the references is present in the text, it is thinked an endophoric reference, and when the interpretation lies external the text, it is an exophoric reference. Halliday and Hassan further divide endophoric reference into anaphoric reference (looks back into the text) and cataphoric reference (looks forward into the text).Brown and Yule (1983) agree with Halliday and Hassan in their description of these terms. McCarthy (1991), however, discards exophoric referents as truly cohesive because they are not the internal part of the text. While Halliday and Hassan explain that they play a role in the understanding of the text so they are cohesive. On the contrary, Paltridge (2006) introduces another reference pattern to a fault, that is, homophoric reference, for items which recover their identity through cultural knowledge. Substitution, simply, is the replacement of one item by another remark Halliday and Hassan (1976).They find substitution to be a cohesive relation between wordings and not between the meanings, as is reference. Hatch (1992) notes that Levinson (1983) claims substitutions to be deictic markers. But Hatch agrees with Halliday and Hassan that the substitution and the group of words substituted form a cohesive tie. Salkie (1995) notifies that only some specific words can be used for the purpose of substitution. And Halliday and Hassan (1976) present the following list of substitutes Nominal one, ones same Verbal do clausal so, notIn addition, Halliday and Hassan also observe that sometimes substitution, also, borders with lexical cohesion, that is where words like thing are used for the cohesive purposes. Substitutions thus hold very important cohesive function, as Cook (1989) mentions that the brief forms of the sentences with substitutions are more received than the longer sentences without substitutions. Ellipsis, the third type of cohesive marker, as named by Hatch (1992), is a zero tie. Halliday and Hassan (1976) call it substitution by zero.Actually there is no tie in ellipsis and nothing substitutes alone of course, like substitution, here too, something is left unsaid. Salkie (1995) makes it clear that every unsaid or left out expression cannot be considered an example of ellipsis. On the contrary, he writes, ellipsis is a gap or unsaid information that is cognise to the listener/reader of the text already, as it refers back to something already said. Cook (1989) shares a similar view with Salkie when Cook says that we can omit only when we are sure that the meaning can be understood without it.McCarthy (1991) also holds the same idea and he adds to it by mentioning that ellipsis is completely a speaker unit alternative make on a pragmatic assessment of the situation, not a compulsory feature when two clauses are joined together. McCarthy (1991) notes that, in English, substitution and ellipsis are similar as the author like the latter operates on nominal, verbal and clausal level. This view is shared by Halliday and Hassan (1976), Hatch (1992) and Salkie (1995). accompaniments can be defined best in the words ofCook (1989) as, the words which draw attention towards the relationships between sentences, clauses and words. McCarthy (1991) places conjunction among the grammatical cohesive devices, despite accepting it to be different from reference, substitution and ellipsis. He says, though it does refer to something backward or forward in the text, it still provides a relationship between the fragments of the language. A similar view is shared by Halliday and Hassan (1976) that conjunctive ties are cohesive not in themselves, b ut by their meaning, they point at other elements in the discourse.However, unlike McCarthy, Halliday and Hassan, followed by Steffensen (1986), Hatch (1992) and Paltridge (2006), do not recollect conjunctions to be completely grammatical. Halliday and Hassan (1976) observe that conjunctions can be classified in different ways, focusing different aspects. They, then, present additive, adversative, causal and temporal as four, commonly accepted, types of conjunctive relation. Hatch (1992) also presents the similar distribution. Martin and rose wine (2003 cited in Paltridge, 2006139) use the term consequential for causal.Although Salkie (1995) also gives the same four types of conjunction, yet he uses different terminology he calls them addition connectives, opposition connectives, cause connectives and time connectives. Besides, he uses the term connective for conjunction. lexical cohesion is a relationship between vocabulary items in the text. In the words of Paltridge (2006133), Lexical cohesion refers to relationships in meaning between lexical items in a text and, in particular, content words and the relationship between them.Hatch (1992) notes that some lexical ties are long, as they are counterpane over bigger pieces of discourse, and others are short. Reiteration and col post are marked as two major types of lexical cohesion by Halliday and Hassan (1976). McCarthy (1991), however, does not seem to be convinced by Halliday and Hassans inclusion of collocation among the devices of lexical cohesion. He does not find that collocation can present a semantic relation between various items of discourse as other cohesive markers do. Unlike McCarthy, Hatch (1992) finds collocation to be an important element for building text cohesion.So does Paltridge (2006), who says, that expert writers of the language know which items can collocate. Lexical collocation, grammatical collocation and idiomatical collocation are found in discourse. McCarthy (1991) defines reit eration as restating a word (or a evince) by either direct repeat or using the lexical relations for that word (for example, synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms, meronyms etc). Salkie (1995) explains that the repetition of the content words brings cohesion what he says of repetition is true for all the lexical devices.Making a closing regarding the usage of various lexical items is only a matter of understanding the importance of different lexical relations. McCarthy (1991) observes that the speaker/writer has to decide whether to repeat, or use a synonym or a first-rate ordinate etc, because discourse analysts have not yet given any satisfactory rules for that. 3. 2 resemblance between Coherence and Cohesion Halliday and Hassan (1976) refer to cohesion as being a source of coherence. But Carrell (1982) strongly disagrees with them on that view. She finds cohesion to be nothing more than a result of coherence.Carrell quotes Morgan and Sellner (1980) who also find Halliday and Hassan t o be mistaking. Morgan and Sellner explain that when Halliday and Hassan are mentioning that a referent refers back or forth to something in the text, it is not something in the text actually but something in the context, from which the reader and the lister understands what the speaker/writer is talking about. Carrell herself is also supporting the idea by Morgan and Sellner and believes it to be the content and not the cohesion between the expressions which bring coherence to the text.In the commonly quoted example by Halliday and Hassan Wash and core six prep apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. Carrell finds that them in the second sentence does not refer to the apples in the first sentence but some real world apples. Brown and Yule (1983) present a more convincing argument against Halliday and Hassan that the apples, in the first sentence, are as they were brought from the market while those in the second sentence are washed and cored apples and therefore not the same as i n the first sentence.They argued in addition for the other cohesive devices like substitution and ellipsis. Brown and Yule (1983) observe that some pieces of discourse, can be said to be unconnected due to lack of cohesive devices, but they still form coherent text (for example advertisements, brochures etc) because different genres of discourse have different criteria of coherence. Where Carrell fully ignores the importance of cohesion in coherence, Brown and Yule at least agree that different genres of text demand different criteria of coherence.Hatch (1992) sounds more acceptable, when he says that the knowledge of script, speech events and rhetorical organisation usually results in a coherent text but sometimes, we need to make use of cohesive ties and deictic markers to guide the listener/reader through the text. The formal links (cohesive devices), according to Cook (1989) also, are not enough or necessary for a text. He means to say that there can be a text without them and there can even be an incoherent piece with them. He as well as Salkie (1995) holds the understanding of the context as more important.Davies (2005) clarifies all the misconceptions, coherence does not have to depend on logical internal links and familiar patterns of organisation- it also has a lot to do with how we interpret the language we read or hear. To conclude, the argument let us quote McCarthy (1991) who says, all discourse markers including cohesive markers are concerned with the text on the surface level. He, like Davies, marks that the interpretation is the key that the listener/reader uses to understand what the speaker/writer has tried to say by utilising both above and below the surface available devices.Therefore, cohesion is not a criterion for coherence yet it is an important element in some genres of discourse. 4. school text ANALYSIS After reviewing the scholars on coherence, cohesion, cohesive devices and relation between coherence and cohesion, we are, now, tur ning to analyse two written texts the poem Daffodils by William Wordsworth (see Appendix-A for the true text) and a job advertisement that we found on www. gumtree. co. uk (see Appendix-B for the original text).After this, we will present the report on whether cohesion is required or just the context, schema, sub-text and exophoric reference are enough for coherence in these two genres of discourse. 4. 1 Analysis of the Poem Daffodils Firstly, we are going to analyse the poem, from the different perspectives of coherence. We will start with the context. 4. 1. 1 Context The very first word I tells us that the speaker or the poet is sharing a personal bring. Wandered, being the second form of the verb, clears that the incident that is quoted in the poem has ended.It is one of the experiences of the poet when he saw a beautiful pictorial matter and now he is describing the injection and is discussing the pleasure it has been giving him since the time he has first seen it. The text belongs to the place where there is a lake, there are trees and most importantly, there are daffodils. Thus the poet is recollecting his memory of a beautiful outdoor scene when he was caught by the sight of golden daffodils. The poet mentions that he was alone at that time. The beauty of the scene has been constituted in the memory of the poet.The memory of the flowers works as an effective tranquiliser at the time when the poet is worried or sad. Coherence, here, operates the relationship of a poet to the natural world of beauty. It exemplifies how a poet, who is alone (no other human being around), is enjoying the bon ton of the flowers and can enjoy that of other objects of nature. He is enjoying the beauty even when he is away from it and even when he feels sad, may be due to the problems of the material world. 4. 1. 2 SchemaIt is sure since the beginning that the poet is somewhere outside his base because it is very unlikely that somebody moves around in his house and say I wandered lonely as a cloud. It is also unlikely that the poet is in the market or some other busy land and claim to be wandering like a cloud because the schemata, in both the mentioned situations, would have suggested some different social norms. Therefore, from the beginning the reader starts to interpret that the poet is alone in some lonely place. 4. 1. 3 SubtextOne can judge that it is the day time that is why the poet can see so many daffodils, which are spread along the bank of the river. Besides, he mentions the waves besides them springd, which can be noticed only during the day time. In dark one can see waves only if they are harsh and roaring, which can of course never attract the calm and peaceful nature of a poet. And since it is breezy, it can be the morning time, not the noon, afternoon or evening. The pleasantness of the weather can easily be found from the mood of the poet. It seems as if it is some breezy summer morning. Oft notifies that the poet also feels s ad and empty at times, he also has worries of life like other human beings. But then unlike an ordinary man, these flowers come to the manner of speaking of the poet from the worries of the world. 4. 1. 4 Exophoric Reference There is some exophoric knowledge of the concept of inward eye required. The poet assumes the reader, who will be decoding the text of the poem, essential already be aware with this schema. After context, schema, sub-text and exophoric reference, now, I will analyse the role of various cohesive ties in bringing the coherence to the poem.First of all, we are going to for the referential cohesion. 4. 1. 5 Referential Cohesion The pronominal references, running through the text, have anaphoric links and they were all endophoric provided the exophoric reference that inward eye (discussed earlier). Pronominal cohesion depends largely on the anaphoric link to the first word of the text I (I, I, me, my, I). Amongst the other anaphoric personal references there is a cohesive compass of they and them (used for Daffodils) throughout the poem.The pronoun that is used for the word cloud in the first stanza and for the word stars in the second. Also, which in the exsert stanza is pronominal and is used for inward eye. There is an example of demonstrative cohesion also i. e. my in the phrase my heart. Comparative reference plays a part in introducing the situation in the first line of the poem, I wandered lonely as a cloud in which there is a comparison drawn between the poet and the cloud. Comparative reference is also present in the following line where daffodils are differentiated with stars, Continuous as the stars that contemplateThere is a single example of nominal substitution through the words the show, which refers to the dancing daffodils and their company (the waves etc). Clausal ellipsis is found in following three examples ______ fluttering and dancing _____tossing their heads, a poet could not______ but ______be risible ______conti nuous as stars that shine While nominal ellipsis is clear in these three And _______twinkle on the off-white way Ten thousand ______ saw I at a glance And ______dances with the daffodils 4. 1. 6 Conjunction The poem contains some variety of conjunction also.Additive Conjunctions and, or, adversative conjunction but and temporal conjunctions much, then are found in the text. 4. 1. 7 Lexical Cohesion Throughout the poem, I can see words like twinkle, sprightly, sparkle spread which form a adept group, such reiteration shows that the situation in the poem is lively, excited and pleasure-giving. Synonymy is present among the words advertise and host (both in the first stanza) as the terms are contextual synonyms. So is the case with shine and twinkle (both in the second stanza), and lake (in the first stanza) and bay (in the second stanza).Other gumption group is formed by fluttering, dancing and tossing their heads. A small chain of words related to the notion of happiness is sprea d around the third stanza glee, gay, jocund. Repetition is found through the forms of the word dance (dancing, dance, danced, dances). The words gazed is repeated twice. A number of lexical collocations (contextually appropriate) can be found, for example over valleys and hills, never-failing line, beside the lake, beneath the trees, at a glance.Whereas out did and flash upon are grammatical collocations present within the text. The analysis of this text shows that besides other devices of coherence, cohesion also plays an important role in bringing the coherence to the text. We cannot think of the above poem without the cohesive ties. 4. 2 Analysis of the Advertisement immediately we are going to analyse the second text which is a job advertisement (see Appendix-B). Here too we start with the analysis with the context. 4. 2. 1 ContextThe first line suggests that it is something related to the business but it is only in the fourth line that one realises that it is an advertisement for the post of Business instruction support. And even in the next line, the reader comes to know that it is a job advertised by thermionic tube Safety. We in the new paragraph shows the management of Metro Safety or the company has advertised this job. The second line mentions the meet on which the advertisement is posted so it clarifies whether it is old or new. And the name of the company and the location of the office present the place of work.The objectives for the job and the mentioned requirements clear who can apply for the advertisement. Therefore the context is clear after class period the whole of it that it is a job opportunity for all those who have the required experience etc. The how to do the follow up? part is made clear by the last sentence which guides how to apply. 4. 2. 2 Schema By the opening of the text we start to recognise the schema. It is without doubt an advertisement which is written to attract professionals. Just in the beginning schema provide th e strong suggestion for the post, the salary and location of the work.The text is schematically clear and therefore it does not bring any possible alternative schemata into question. 4. 2. 3 Subtext We realise that it is not a regular text but an advertisement. Since the advertisement is posted on the mentioned date therefore the job seeker can apply within few days of it. Though it is not mentioned yet the job is provided on the first come basis, because there is no specific date for interviews, etc, mentioned, therefore whoever will be the first to fulfil the criteria will be given the job.The job seeker mustiness be a resident of London, and in case of a city like London, he must be living somewhere around Waterloo. 4. 2. 4 Exophoric Reference Friday, 6th June is mentioned in the advertisement the reader should have the exophoric knowledge of which years 6th June is the advertisement about. Besides the reader must know that Waterloo (mentioned in the advertisement as the locatio n of work) is an area in London and not the place of the skirmish of Waterloo. Following is the analysis of the second text for cohesive devices. 4. 2. 5 Referential CohesionThe pronominal endophoric references we and our refer to the Metro Safety, the company which has given the advertisement. And you refers to the reader or anyone who is interested in the job. But someone in we are looking for someone is an exophoric reference because it is not the reader or any aspirant for the job who is reading the advertisement and is going to apply, rather it is someone they are looking for, he can be anyone of the readers or even no one of them. This in this role and this position is a demonstrative reference. Nominal ellipsis is present in the following lease _____ apply While clausal ellipsis can be found in the following and _____ assists Accounts Managers, _____ ontogenesis, _____ smooth, _____ to provide, _____ provide Language in India www. languageinindia. com 12 5 May 2012 Ambreen Shahriar and Habibullah Pathan Coherence and the Role of Cohesion in Coherent Texts 384 Besides, ellipsis is done through points given in bullets (. ). 4. 2. 6 Conjunction The conjunction and has been used repeatedly in the text. Temporal conjunction between is present in the phrase between ? 16,800 and ? 20,160 per annum.The additive conjunction in addition is also used, and +, in + company pension also acts as an additive conjunction. 4. 2. 7 Lexical Cohesion In the text, there is a chain of office related words, business, company, bonus, commercial, client, head office, distinguish managers, project managing, aid departments, site, administrative supports, management team, customer. The terms like increase, necessary, high quality, skills, experience, excellent form a sense group which explains the demands of the employer from the employee.The word client presents an example of repetition and seems to be the key term in the text, it is used four times. The examples of merony my are spread throughout the text. Client, services team, account managers, project managing, internal departments, service departments, management team, customer focus, company bonus with business as the super ordinate. Besides, communication skills (verbal and written), information gathering and organisational skills, problem solving skills and IT literacy can be considered as the hypernyms for skills/knowledge.Lexical cohesion can also be witnessed through phrases like, health and safety, busy and friendly, new and existing. There is grammatical collocation of the phrasal verbs like, based at, set up and looking for. Lexical collocations can also be identified within the text, for example head office, account managers, high quality, communicatory skills, organizational skills, problem solving skills, sales team, company bonus, per annum. After the analyses of the texts, we are going to present the report on them in the next section. . REPORT In the report, firstly, we are going to compare the two texts in accordance with the findings. Though the poet, in the first text, clears the context from the first line, but it can be cleared only after reading the last lines and then pondering over all that is written. Whereas in the advertisement, the context starts to get clearer from the fourth line, when it comes to the offer of salary and one realises that it is a job advertisement, but immediately after that the context is clear and reader does not have to read between the lines.Both the texts are schematically clear yet they are completely different from each other. The writers of the two texts have made greatest efforts to keep the schema clear but in variant styles and this is what proves a difference in the different genres of writing. There are some elements of the sub-text in both the texts. The readers of both the texts have to read between the lines and understand a few hidden ideas on their own, but the nature of such ideas in both these texts is very different. Some exophoric knowledge is required for complete understanding of each text.Here, also, the exophoric knowledge in case of the poem is of emotional and spiritual nature while in case of the advertisement it is of material and sophisticated nature. As in the poem, so is in the advertisement, most of the pronominal references were endophoric in nature with anaphoric cohesion. The examples of demonstrative cohesion are rare in both the texts. There seems no example of comparative reference in the advertisement. Unlike this, the comparative cohesive devices are widely used in the analysed poem. As comparative references are usually common in the poesy, so are they here.But they are not welcome in advertisements. The analysis showed that substitution is a rare phenomenon in these types of texts. It does not appear to be common in poetry or advertises. Both of these are the examples of smaller texts but in spite of that substitution is not common in these two. Nominal as well as clausal ellipsis seems to be among the favourites of the two writers (of poem and advertisement). Ellipsis can be considered as a common practice of the writers of such texts. Conjunctions are found evenly spread in both the texts with a greater emphasis on and in both the texts.Few small sense groups are present in the poetry, while two long sense chains are present in the advertisement. Formation of sense groups is an essential quality of an advertisement but not a poem. Repetitions are also found in both the texts which, of course, emphasize the most important word in the text. Synonymy can be found in the poem only. It is a special quality of something literary and it is used to give music to the meaning of the text. But antonymy is missing in both the texts. Hyponymy and meronymy are absent in the poem by Wordsworth but both are present in the advertisement.This explains the difference between the two types of the text. The poem is a short text which has to say a lot wherea s an advertisement is a short text which has to say a little but has to make it completely clear. Lexical and grammatical collocations are present in both the texts but idiomatic collocation is missing. Idiomatic collocation is found in longer pieces of writing, and are uncommon in poetry and advertisements, even otherwise. After comparing the two texts, it can be noticed that since the two belong to different genres, their dependence on the various elements, which are responsible for coherence, is also different.Yet cohesive ties, especially lexical cohesion, form important links which in turn provide coherence to both the texts. 6. CONCLUSION Through this paper, we have discussed the terms coherence and cohesion. We mentioned that other elements of discourse, besides cohesion, can also help in the development of a coherent text in English. We also mentioned the varying views of the scholars regarding the importance and role of cohesion in the development of a coherent discourse.We made our point clear by quoting Davies and McCarthy, who note that it mainly depends on the interpretation besides accepting that the importance of cohesion in some genres of discourse is undeniable. Through the analysis of the two texts belonging to two different genres, we tried to explain what brings coherence in each of the selected genres. Then, we presented the report on the analyses. Therefore, cohesion, of course, is not the only source of bringing coherence to a text yet it is one of the important aspects of coherence. ============================================================= ReferencesBrown, G. and G. Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge CUP. Carrell, P. L. 1982. Cohesion is not coherence, TESOL quarterly 16(4) 479-88. Cook, G. 1989. Discourse. Oxford OUP. Davies, D. 2005. Varieties of Modern English An Introduction. 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Brewer (eds. ) supposed Issues in Reading Comprehension. Hills dale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Paltridge, B. 2006. Discourse Analysis. London Continuum. Salkie, R. 1995. Text and Discourse Analysis. London Routledge. Steffensen, M. 1986. Register, cohesion, and cross-cultural reading comprehension, in Applied Linguistics 7(1) 71-85. Wordsworth, W. (2008). Selected Poems. OxfordOUP. Zamel, V. 1983. Teaching those missing links in writing, in ELT Journal 7(1) 22-29.

Trek Bicycles Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

travel Bicycles Paper - Essay sheathWe believe in a better world (TrekBikes, 2012). Trek Bicycles vision is to make the world a better send off by using roulette wheels as a tool. Bicycles are the most efficient contrive of human transportation. Trek Bicycles vision is to contribute to making a world a better place as use of cycles will help to combat climate change, help people to be fitter, reduces dealings congestion, and has many more positive effects. SWOT analysis Swot analysis is an important tool that helps to cautiously evaluate the opportunities and threats (external to the organization) of an organization along with its strengths and weaknesses (internal to the organization) (Griffin, 2011). Following is the Swot Analysis of Trek Bicycles Strengths Weakness Outside of china Trek Bicycles is the biggest bike company (Phillips, 2008). This is the companys biggest strength. Treks main weakness is its pitiful understanding of client demographics. It is unaware of who th eir core consumers are (Johnson, 2008). The company has established itself as one of the scoop bicycle manufacturers and suppliers with great innovative products, eco-friendly bicycle development, dynamic partnerships (Bikes Belong and Bikes Around the Community), efficient dealers and exceptional customer care (Johnson, 2008). Because of the great brand equity that the company has built, it has developed a very aggressive attention style (Johnson, 2008). The brand image of the company is exceptional. Lance Armstrong has been instrumental in given the company a great brand image. By winning Tour De France 7 times he has contributed in demonstrating the prize of Trek Bicycles (Guffey & Loewy, 2010). The company also sponsors/funds other sportspersons and competitions. Human resources are also a study strength of the company. The employees of the company are driven and committed to working towards the companys mission and vision. Trek Bicycles is mainly focused on the mountain bik e segment. Unlike, its competitors it has not tried to dominate all segments of the bicycle market. This has helped trek Bicycles to specialise in a single key area. But Trek has diversified interior the segment to meet the requirements of different customers. It has also expanded into offering various biking accessories, clothes, training, road support, etc (Electric Bikee, 2011). Treks R&D has excellent capability. It manufacturers numerous products in broad product range that are cheap and it achieves this by effectively using its low cost manufacturers (Griffin, 2011). Treks green strategy is other important strength of the company that differentiates it from its competitors and gives a competitive edge. This green strategy not only

Introduction To Human Resource Management Essay

Introduction To Human Resource Management - Essay ExampleThe humankind of work and organization has become increasingly demanding and turbulent. There be eight major challenges currently liner United Kingdom organizations. These are globalization, migration of many companies to other economies, increasing revenue and decreasing costs, building organisational capability, change and transformation, implementing technology, attracting and developing human capital, and ensuring fundamental and long-lasting change. Thus, levels of competition among organizations pull in increased. In present layover of the migration of many companies to other economies, the UK organizations can replicate technology, manufacturing processes, products, and strategy. On the other hand, personnel prudence practices and organization are difficult to reproduce, in this manner representing an exceptional competitive advantage. To be successful in the future, UK organizations will have to build organization al capability. Personnel management professionals and personnel management practices will be required to prepare value by increasing organizational competitiveness.Traditional views on competitive advantage have exclamatory such barriers to entry a... More recent views have highlighted a different source of competitive advantage, a firms human resources and behavior of employees at different levels of the corporate hierarchy. New demands facing UK organizations as a turn out of the migration of many companies to other economies, heightened competition, globalization, and technological advances have put a premium on creativity and innovation, hotfoot and flexibility, as well as efficiency. The critical firm assets do not appear on a balance sheet but reside, instead, in behaviors of employees working at different levels of the corporate hierarchy and management governing bodys. The role of company strategy, human resources, and personnel management in company performance is bein g rethought. instead than seeing the personnel management function as a cost, a personnel management system that supports a companys strategy should be seen, instead, as an investment, a strategic lever for the organization in creating value. The 2000s witnessed a growth in research interest in examining the draw between personnel management strategies and practices and UK companies financial performances. In the past research studies have shown a strong positive family between the two, and this relationship has been observed in studies of one company, one industry, and multiple industries (Brown et al., 2003). Brown et al., (2003) have shown in three break dance national surveys (over 2,400 companies) an economically and significant impact on several measures of company performance. They observed a link between changes in the sophistication of a companys personnel management architecture and dollar change in market value per employee, suggesting three stages of personnel manag ement practices on company performance. How do UK organizations

Alcohol impact on family life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcohol impact on family life - Essay ExampleThis is combined with alterations that are associated with key life events that lead to more dependence and negative turns associated within their lives. The events, both individually and within the family, are cognise to continue to affect individuals and families negatively through the dependence on intoxicant (Dawson et al, 5 2006). There are two ways in which inebriant begins to affect the family life of others in a negative manner. The first comes from teaching other families somewhat the dependence on alcohol. In a recent survey (Seljamo et al, 984 2006), it was found that there was a attendant give of alcohol dependency on children who were consistently associated with dependency on alcohol. Those that had parents who were dependent on alcohol were found to have high rates in using the alcohol consistently. At 15 years of age, 83% of girls and 79% of boys began using alcohol, specifically with association of parents who were dependent on alcohol. The best predictors were a confederacy of drinking by parents when children were young and heavy drinking from the father of the household (Seljamo et al, 984 2006). The addiction that was noted among children from the congresswoman is also a hindrance to the family because of cycles of abuse on other levels that begin to occur. The alcohol that is used from a state of dependency is unrivaled which is considered abusive and which can lead to responses which differ because of cognitive changes as swell up as emotional responses from the alcohol. This can lead to other forms of abuse in the household, ranging from altering behaviors, mental and tangible abuse to others in the home. This impacts those who are directly impacted by the abuse as well as those who are in the environment and which are subjected to the impact which comes from the alcohol use. The result is changing cognitive responses from the household, specifically because of the way in which th e abuse begins to rise in the household (Groh et al, 49 2007). Examining Alcohol Abuse The complexities of alcohol abuse and the known changes which alter in the family lead to more questions about how alcohol abuse may affect behaviors. To further explain this, a survey can be conducted that relates to the use of alcohol, specifically which comes from dealings in the family. The survey includes an impact of how alcoholic behaviors are determined through generations and the family. The understanding of abusive behaviors, such as how often one drinks, who one drinks with, situations one is in and relationships with family pass on be examined. There will then be an understanding of how this may influence others negatively and with the behaviors within families. Conclusion By examining alcohol abuse in the family, there is the ability to understand how the dynamics of individuals change, specifically because of the use of alcohol. While it is known that alcohol dependency leads to abuse in the family, as well as children using alcohol from the use of their parents, there are other areas which can be examined to determine how alcohol affects different individuals. Understanding what triggers one to drink, specifically which may arise from the conditions one is in, to creating an understanding of the events which occur to lead one to drink and to act to those that are influenced by the alcohol can create an understanding of the patterns of behaviors that influence those who are involved with

Uses of Statistical information Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Uses of statistical information - Research Paper ExampleUses of Statistical informationIn the oeuvres, statistical analysis of look surveys and questionnaires, presentations involving histograms, bar charts and the like are all besides common and forecasting and projection of results is the core competence of the company thus do the statistics the life and assembly line of the company. According to the official definition as developed by (American Marketing Association (AMA), 2008) Marketing research is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information - information manipulationd to identify and mend marketing opportunities and problems generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions monitor marketing performance and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and implements the selective infor mation collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their implications. What is mavin example of descriptive statistics used in your workplace? Descriptive Statistics are used as a means to summarize the info set and are used to present the data set quantitatively. Examples implicate the use of histograms, box plots, cross tabulation techniques and measures of central tendency. The characteristics of these statistics make them indispensable to any form of data set.In marketing research for example, a survey might require a certain ratio of respondents to be men and the other to be female. Thus, the proportion of males and females among the respondents becomes of ut around importance to the research project. Depending on the indispensableness of the research, the proportion of male and female gives a lot of information regarding the objectives of the survey. This information can also be used to establish correlations with other factors such as brand loyalty, factors influencing decision making and household size of it among others. This information can also be used to differentiate between the responses of males and the females and aid in making inferences about the study in the latter stages of the research. What is one example of inferential statistics used in your workplace? Inferential statistics are used to draw a conclusion about a population from a sample. In the case of marketing research firms, the researchers have to analyze survey results and inferential statistics are vital in drawing important conclusions from the results of the research. For example, while evaluating the threat of come to products for a certain product X it was concluded through surveys that only 30% of the people will switch over to a rival product in the next 6 months. Another example of inferential statistics could relate to customer preferences in terms of quality where the results show that 65% of customers purchase a certain brand of cooking crud e oil because they find it to be of the best quality which 30% do so because they find it to be the most affordable. These examples clearly depict how inferential statistics help draw conclusions after the results of various studies have been accumulated and analyzed. How is data at each of the four levels of measurement used in your workplace? If your workplace does not use all four levels, describe how such data could be used. Marketing research makes use of data at each of t

Fossil Inc. clothing and accessorys Legal Structure Essay

fogey Inc. clothing and accessorys Legal Structure - Essay Exampleapartnershipran by two or more people.Also, another option is an incorporated company where business activitiesare incorporatedinto a company, which bestows life sentenceon business as a separate legal person (Mancuso 4).The fogey inc. Clothing and appurtenant is adesign, development, marketing and distribution, company that focuses on consumer products predicated on fashion andvaluesuch as sunglasses, watches, and leather goods among others, for retail sale on an international basis. Fossil Inc. is an incorporatedbusinesssince itis formedon a corporation. Incorporating a business provides a liabilityprotectionandconsiderabletax advantages. The business can sparkon despite the death or bankruptcy of shareholders ormanagement. More all over, it offers the bestmeansofexpansionand the readiness ofoutsideinvestors.Fossil Inc.is under the ownershipof two brothers Tom and Kosta Kartsotis who own about 30% of Fossil stock . In 1993, the Fossil Inc. sold 20% of the company to investors, but Tom retained 40.5% control over thecompanywhile his brother retained 18.8% ownership. According to Richardson (1), initial public offering ofstock(public ownership) yielded $19 million, which Fossil Inc. used half of it to reduce the companysdebtand the other half to be unbroken as working capital. Additionally, in 1993, Fossil Inc. hadseveralsubsidiaries in atomic number 63, led by Fossil Europe GmbH i.e. the companysprimaryEuropeanoperationin Germany.Other subsidiary companies of Fossil Inc. include Fossil Italia SRL and Fossil France SARL, which served as Fossils marketing, as well as distribution entities in those countries.In addition, Fossil B.V., formed in 1993, stood as a company holding for the three European subsidiaries, where Texas-based Fossil Inc. controlled 70 per cent of the newly formed European holding Company (International Directory of Company Histories 1).In 1994, Fossil Inc. was able

The Concept of Ethnocentrism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept of Ethnocentrism - Essay ExampleSeveral nations and their cultures keep back placed themselves at the top of an imagined hierarchy of cultures and nations and therefore they have assigned otherwise cultures lower ranks than theirs. This has direct to the incorporation of the belief that one nation, its culture is superior, and that it will always be ahead of the rest thus making tidy sum believe this form of deception naturally. This form of belief has resulted in a few nations becoming the center of admirations making all other nations to strive to emulate the nations at the center in order to move higher in the imaginary rank. For example, the United States of America has always thought of itself as more powerful, more economically positioned, and as generally repair in all spheres than other nations. This has been certify by the countrys dabbling in the matters of other nations without much regard to the right formality that should be followed. A honorable illu stration of this dabbling in the countrys current involvement in affairs of Middle East, which is mainly castigated by the perceive belief that it is a superpower. This has led to the country spending a lot on affairs of other countries, which are not necessarily in its control, rather than focusing on funding development in needy developing countries. Cultural ethnocentrism continues to prevail in the majority of the African communities where the communities believe that these cultures are better than the rest and they in, particular, tend to be unreceptive to the western culture. They normally feel that their cultural order is peril by the arrival of new groups and they thus strive to resist what they term as invaders in their communities. This certify by the disagreements in cultural markers of identity such as clothing and other visible elements which the people try by all means possible to uphold them despite the foreign influence.