Science, Genetics, and human identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Science, Genetics, and human identity - Essay Example Some of the claims that can be evaluated and assessed with the use of scientific literacy include environmental degradation such as global warming, as well as the introduction of genetically modified organization. Scientific literacy should be studied since it affects numerous aspects of human life as will be discussed in the paper. It can be studied, as well as acquired through experiences. This paper will respond to the issue of scientific literacy and provide an argument as to what the concept entails. The question that the paper will primarily focus on is; Why is scientific literacy an issue that warrants scientific inquiry and what can be learned from this concept? In my opinion, there are numerous changes in the natural world that are taking place on a daily basis and these changes should be understood scientifically. Such an understanding can only be gained through scientific literacy, which helps people to interpret natural phenomenon and make sense of what is taking place in the world. Literacy in science encourages curiosity, and as a result, people are able to learn many things and make predictions of natural concepts and events. Moreover, scientifically literate persons have the ability to make points of view and come up with ideas that can be said to be scientific. Scientific literacy enables people to assess whether information is of good quality by evaluating where the information came from and the strategies employed while generating this information. Various publications have been made about science. From these publications, it is evident that science matters a lot and scientific literacy entails the knowledge that helps a person to understand issues that affect the public. In addition, scientific literature is essential in enabling a person to put new developments that have been experienced in the world into action and categorize them to the context they belong. It is true that the exposure of Americans to science is minimal and they

Effective pain relief in postoperative patients Essay Example for Free

Effective pain relief in postoperative patients Essay Pain is physiological mechanism and a means of the body alert the person about either currently present or impending damage to it. It can be defined as the â€Å"unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage† (Gelinas, 2004). Consequently, the words discomfort has also been used interchangeably with pain in the past and can be defined as a â€Å"negative affective and/or physical state subject to variation in magnitude in response to internal or environmental conditions† (Gelinas, 2004). Pain is a very important component in care of the surgical patients, both preoperative and post operative. Surgery itself afflicts large amounts of trauma on the patient. The pain that the patient has to incur afterwards adds his anxiety levels and stresses the body. Lack of or inadequate amounts of pain management by the staff, impacts the patients healing process. Their mobility and in the long terms their duration of hospital stay is also affected. It is important that, for optimal patients health management and care, a means tool must be available to measure the patients pain assessment and relief requirement through pharmacological and non pharmacological means. Little research has been done to properly assess and document the prevalence of pain and its management protocols in post operative patients. The pain scoring systems are available to attempt to quantify pain and manage it accordingly. These subjective ones include the categorical rating scales (CRS) in which patient rates pain from â€Å"No† to mild moderate or severe. Another one is the â€Å"Visual Analog score (VAS) where the individual scores are placed on a 10-cm line where the left anchor point is labeled â€Å"no Pain† and the right anchor point is labeled â€Å"worst possible pain†. Since every patient has a varying threshold for pain, and requires varying levels of drugs, to over come the pain, it is better for there to be both a subjective indicator for pain as well as an objective one, that is to say, that the nurses an also assess how much pain the patient is in, by using a tool she is provided with. Cardiac surgery is a major thoracic surgery and patients post operatively require lot analgesics to manage pain so that their morbidities associated with pain (like pain in breathing, walking etc) can be eliminated. Usually morphine is used for the purpose of pain relief but there are indications that Fentanyl can perform a similar relief without much of the side effects associated. There needs to be some focus into this theory. This can be achieved by placing 2 similar populations of adult cardiac patients who have just undergone cardiothoracic surgery on morphine or Fentanyl. As is the standard procedure nowadays, quality indicators, both subjective and objective can be used. The VAS pain scoring card can be provided to the patients for them to record the different levels of pain that they feel. The nurses would be provided with indictors to record objective findings which can indicate pain. â€Å"These can be physiological and behavioral indicators. The physiological indicators can be clustered into cardiovascular, respiratory and cerebral responses† (Gelinas, 2004). Pain associated responses would include tachypnea in respiratory, tachycardia and increased blood pressure in cardiac and raised ICP in cerebral responses. After assessment of the pain levels with the quality indicators, the pain management drugs will be administered and later the subjective and objective pain assessment will be repeated to see which drugs effects were greater and lasted longer. A study conducted by Celine Gelinas on critically ill incubated patients, to find out what are the protocols and tools used to assess pain management are and if the patients were being given effective relief. He used subjective as well as objective tools. The results revealed that physicians placed no role in documenting pain in patients. Most of the reporting was done by nurses and the patients. It was also noticed that nurse’s assessment of pain was much less than that reported by the patients themselves. The research concluded that the documentation overall about the pain and its management was incomplete in general with little attention being given. The research also noted that even after being notified about the pain, its effective management only took place 60 percent of the time. (Gelinas, 2004). In and interventional study conducted by Francoise Bardiau in 2003, the quality indicators e. g. VAS were introduced in the surgical and anesthesia department. After a survey of assessment of knowledge of nurses, VAS to assess pain was the nurses worked to improve pain management. After further surveys, it was noted that initiation of programs to setting of quality indicators improves the overall pain management system. (Bardiau, F. , M, 2003) Idvall E tested a 5 point scale to measure the effects of quality indicator maintain pain relief measurements. â€Å"The results suggest initial support for the new instrument as a measure of strategic and clinical quality indicators in postoperative pain management, but it must be further refined, tested and evaluated†. Idvall E 2002) a multidisciplinary program development was introduced based on evidence based medicine to focus on construction of proper management protocols to implement clinician as well as patient based pain relief programs â€Å"The results suggest that addressing pain management through a variety of strategies targeted at the level of the institution, the clinician, and the patient may lead to desired changes in practice and better outcomes for patients. .† Bedard, D (2006). A survey conducted on post operative cardiac ICU patients, about their pain experiences revealed that despite the pain management regimes in place nowadays, the pain frequencies, and intensities were the same as they were more than a decade ago. Pain management is a vital component of patient care. Quality of pain management can only be assessed through proper indicators. These can be multimodal. The patient populations on which these indicators can be applied are preoperative and postoperative patients. Post operative cardiac patients under nursing care can benefit well from implementation of quality indicators such as VAS. In the nursing profession subjective scoring by the patients themselves enables the nurses to manage the pain properly. This will lead to quicker recovery by the patients and earlier discharge. In the long term this means leads financial implications on the patients due to reduced hospital stay. Also nursing work load gets reduced as the patient tern over is increased. The healthcare cost gets reduced. A Post operative pain management (POP) project was conducted in 2003. A nationwide survey was done to see the implementation of quality improvement projects in the field of pain management, it was noted that more than 70% of the hospitals were reportedly satisfied with the implementations and the outcomes of the quality improvement programs. Based on the analysis, it is noted that on the positive side, proper implementations of the quality indicators and improvement programs in the healthcare system and especially in the ICU and surgical wards, the patients stay can become quite comfortable. The stay can be reduced and the cost of healthcare to the system, the insurance companies, and the patient themselves can be reduced. In the other hand we can clearly see that by using the indicators we in effect are placing more workload on the nurses. If the subjective VAS and the objective physiological changes in the patient has to be monitored regularly just to assess the pain levels, a lot of quality time will be wasted. This time could have been used to tend to more critical patients. Now the question arises if it is worth the effect to implement the QI programs. The answer would lie in Force field analysis and the Lewin’s theory. If the benefits out way the set backs, we can implement the system. The idealistic thing would be that we assess the pain management needs of each department of the health care system and implement the QIs in the ones in which the implementation benefits out way the costs.

Overview of the Primary Health Care System in Hong Kong

Overview of the Primary Health Care System in Hong Kong Student name: MAN Ho Yan Introduction Hong Kong average life expectancy is one the longest city among the world, even longer than some developed countries such as America, Japan (Lee et al., 2016). According to the statistic provided by the Department of Health in 2016, the life expectancy of Hong Kong male and female are 81.2 and 87.3 respectively. The reason why Hong Kong is having this honor can be related to various factors. Generally speaking, more and more people have started to take care of their health. For example, they have a variety of food choice, buying food from many places with a relatively reasonable price. The Hong Kong government also pays lots of effort in health promotion, like encouraging people to do enough exercise per week and eat healthily with less oil, salt, sugar etc. Citizens are able to find this kind of health information easily through television, advertisements, or the Internet. In terms of policy making, Hong Kong government has set up regulations restricting smoking in Hong Kong. Smokin g in restricted area is prohibited, higher regulation in tobacco trading, as well as the advertisements of tobacco, posted or showed to the public. Together with the smoking cessation program provided by the government, the number of people smoke is kept decreasing throughout these years (Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, 2016). Nonetheless, another important factor that makes Hong Kong people can have the longest life expectancy in the world is due to Hong Kong has a comprehensive health care delivery system. Including both public and private health services, from out-patient clinic, specialist out-patient clinic, even in hospitalization, Hong Kong health care system has a high quality and high standard of health delivery service. With the advanced medical technology, all the Hong Kong citizens can enjoy the health service, no matter what kind of economic status of oneself. They can use the health service. Everyone will be provided with adequate health care services provided by all health criteria. As a result, Hong Kong citizens can have a higher chance to have a longer life expectancy. In the following paragraph, a brief overview of the current Hong Kong health care system will be discussed, followed by the discussion of one of the major roles of the whole system in Hong Kong, Primary Health Care, by looking at the working principles of the system and the services provided to the public. Last but not least, the health care system in Hong Kong though is comparatively perfect than other countries. There are some rooms of improvement, which will be discussed in the recommendation part. Hong Kong current Health Care System Nowadays the health care system in Hong Kong is running under a dual-track system, they are public and private sectors. These sectors deliver different services from primary, secondary and even tertiary care. Public health care sector is the core of the whole healthcare system, providing health services to all the citizens. In other words, the public healthcare sector is the basic system in maintaining the health of the community. On the other hand, private healthcare provides an alternative choice for citizens to choose (Ko, 2013). These services usually have a higher cost, but will provide a more accessible and relatively higher quality healthcare service than public healthcare service. If clients can afford the cost, they may choose private health care service according to their own desire (Kong, 2015). All public health care services in Hong Kong are regulated by the Food and Health Bureau, HKSAR. The major role of it is setting up policies and distributing resources to public healthcare services to operate and providing service for the community (HKSAR, 2016). Under the regulation of Food and Health Bureau, there are two more departments in providing different kinds of public health care services. The Department of Health is responsible for the management of public health like Chest Clinics, Student Health Services Centre, Maternal and Child Health Centres etc. The Hospital Authority is responsible for the management of public hospitals, for instance, public hospitals, general out-patient clinics, special out-patient clinics (HKSAR, 2016). Private health care service, involve mainly hospital services, such as private hospitals, private practitioners, and private Chinese practitioners. All the private hospitals, private medical clinics are regulated by the Department of Health, and they should obey the Hospitals, Nursing Homes and Maternity Home Registration Ordinance (Cap. 165) and the Medical Clinics Ordinance (Cap. 343) (HKSAR, 2010). 3. Primary Health Care Services Primary health care is an important category in the health care system since it helps to maintain the health of the community, the work should be done effectively and comprehensively. This is because primary health care is the first step of contact between patients with their family members and health professional (WHO, 2008). Generally speaking, primary health care aims to prevent any disease occur in the early stage, as well as improve personal health condition. These kinds of actions can help in lower the opportunity of suffering diseases and thus, reduce the needs of a high level of health care like that more intensive health care. The whole health expenditure can be reduced for both the client oneself and also the whole health care system (HKSAR, 2008). A proper and effective development of primary health care system can benefit the use of resources and their allocation to another part of the system. For example, primary health care for elderly, treatment on long-term disease et c. 3.1 Current Primary Heath Care Service in Hong Kong Being the first contact point of the health care, primary health care does include health promotion, patient-based health care, disease prevention, and medicine care. In Hong Kong, primary health care services are mainly provided by the private family doctors, public health care sectors will integrate with those private health care sectors to provide different dimension of specialist and hospital services. However, patients have to pay for all of the cost to the private health care services. Public health sectors its own will provide general out-patient clinics, for those who cannot afford the cost of private primary health service (HKSAR, 2010). The Department of Health functions various public activities for community care. With the working principle of protecting the health of the whole community and the population, Department of Health will bring along with disease surveillance, communicable diseases control among the community, public health regulation as well as licensing, impl ement different kinds of health measures, such as tobacco control etc. (HKSAR, 2010). In order to provide a comprehensive health care, different discipline or health care professionals should work together, including general practitioners, nurses, Chinese medicine practitioners, and related health care professionals and health care providers among the community. Early in 1990, the Working Party on Primary Health Care established a report, to have a comprehensive examination of the primary health care system in Hong Kong, as well as recommending the strategies in order to strengthen the system. Since then, different primary health care services started to be established. For example, in 1994, the Woman Health Service has been set up. Introduce health service for women who aged 64 or below. In 1995, the Student Health Service has been established, which give general medical checkup, health promotion etc. for primary and secondary students. Elderly Health Service was established in 1998, providing preventive care, giving support on elderly centres and elderly homes (Food and Health Bureau, 2010). Throughout the years, more and more primary health care services have been organised or being reformed. In October 2008, a reform of the Working Group on Primary Care has been established by the Health and Medical Development Advisory Committee and operated by the Secretary of the Food and Health Bureau (Food and Health Bureau, 2010). The working group is mainly on providing advice on critical development for primary care. Several working tasks have been set up by the group including establishing primary health care conceptual models and related framework protocols, constructing the Primary Care Directory, and recommending an effective primary health care service delivery model (HKSAR, 2010). All these working principles are aiming at enhancing primary health care service in Hong Kong. The group is composed of both representatives of public and private sectors, for instance, patients group, health professionals, health administrators, and related stakeholders. Regarding the working principles, the primary health care conceptual model and protocol is targeting on the conceptual models and guidelines on hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus for the use of health care professionals. Primary Care Directory is a program set up by the Primary Care Office, which is under the regulation of the Department of Health, established in 2010. This program aims at supporting and coordinating primary health care service development in Hong Kong, establishing primary health care developing strategies and operation. The Directory is operated by different health professionals, health administrators, and related stakeholders from the Food and Health Bureau. In order to have a better co-operation between various disciplines, and to ensure they have relevant professional knowledge to develop primary health care system (Primary Care Office, 2017). The government will also help in training primary health care providers and collaborate with the Directory and those health professionals. The public can assess to the Primary Care Directory to search for their own primary health care providers according to their health needs. In terms of community health networks, the Government will propose projects based on the conceptual models and consultation with the health care professionals, health care providers, public and private health care sectors, non-governmental organizations, and local universities. Aims at setting up localized health centre, provide a comprehensive and coordinate primary health care service to the community. 3.2 Primary Health Care for Elderly Aging population in Hong Kong is a serious problem, according to the statistic provided by the Census and Statistic Department in 2015, it is estimated that in mid-2024, 22% of the Hong Kong citizens are aged over 65 and over 65. Nonetheless, the number of elderly will keep increasing in the following years. 20 years later in 2044, the population rate for those aged 65 and over will become 31%. More elderly will have an effect on the labor workforce, more workers are needed to support those retired elderly (Tollefson, 2015). The increase of number of elderly also will affect to the health care system. Normally, elderly will have a higher chance of developing chronic disease due to the decrease on the body mechanism. As a result, they will use health services more often. The government has to put more resources in maintaining the health of this population. For example, health promotion, more resources to the hospitals in curing the chronic disease, ensuring all the functional ability etc. (Sin et al., 2015). A comprehensive primary health care framework is therefore needed to be established in order to relieve the pressure of the medical services and also the whole health care system in a long-term, to achieve a sustainable development. Primary health care in elderly is served as a preventive measure, a better control of the chronic disease etc. The services usually provided by the private family doctors. They will give health related information to the elderly, having risk assessment, and follow-up medication (Sin et al., 2015). The supportive measures not only help the elderly, but their family members also gain benefit from it. They can spend less time and money in paying for the health care service. 4. Recommendations 4.1 Allocation of the manpower As mentioned, most of the tasks are performed by the Department of Health, the health professionals, like doctors, nurses, even the Secretary of the Food and Health Bureau is come from a medical background. The workload of the health professionals, especially those who work in hospitals, is very high. In fact, they almost need to perform all the tasks. There is not enough manpower to take care of a huge amount of clients every day. From paper work or even the driver of the ambulance are all health professionals. The government should revise of the job allocation in hospitals or related work field, to lower the workload of the health professionals, and thus, have a better working performance to provide a higher quality of health care to the clients. 4.2 Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Nowadays in Hong Kong is mainly use conventional medicine as medical treatment. Although it still has its effectiveness, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapy is an alternative way that can be used in public primary health care service. CAM therapy refers to an approach using together with western medicine, focusing on the treatment of a whole person (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The Hong Kong Baptist Hospital is one of the hospitals that provide Chinese Medicine medication. However, the use of CAM therapy is not quite common in public health care sectors, most of the therapies are provided by the private sector. Therefore it is suggested that the Government can build up or set up clinics that mainly use CAM therapy for primary health care, letting those who cannot afford the high cost of private health care sector. A combination of CAM therapy and traditional medicine lower the use of main hospital resources and as a result, a better resource allocation. 4.3 A Balance between public and private health care sectors As mentioned by Griffiths (2012), private sector is the major provider of primary health care, around 70% of it is provided by family doctor, private clinics etc. Moreover, there are more and more private clinics being established, since the practitioners want to have more economic income. Therefore, the two sectors can cooperate with each other, such as the General Outpatient Clinic Public Private Partnership is one of the ways to solve this problem (Cheung, 2015). Even clients whenever use the private health care service can enjoy a lower cost if they are transferred from the public sector. This can lower the workload and the number of clients in public sectors, and also the clients can have a relatively better quality of primary health care service. The Government shall implements effective and comprehensive strategies between public and private health care sectors. 5. Conclusion Being the longest life expectancy among the world, it is no doubt that Hong Kong has several of advantages owing to this result. As mentioned from the above, the quality and standard of the health care system in Hong Kong is higher than many developed countries. This plays an important role for community health development. Primary health care system is the first step for the medical treatment between clients and medical providers. Therefor an effective and comprehensive primary health care system is essential. This can lower the time spending on medical treatment afterwards. The resources using in the system can be reallocate. However the whole still has some problems, government should cooperate with public and private health care sector in order to implement an effective policy for providing adequate medical service to the community. 6. References Census and Statistics Department. (2015). Hong Kong Population Projections. Hong Kong: HKSAR. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B1120015062015XXXXB0100.pdf Cheung, W.L. (2015). Public Private Partnership. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www3.ha.org.hk/ppp/homepage.aspx?lang=eng Food and Health Bureau. (2010). My Health My Choice: Healthcare Reform Second Stage Consultation Document. Hong Kong: HKSAR. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.myhealthmychoice.gov.hk/pdf/consultation_full_eng.pdf Food and Health Bureau. (2010). Our partner for better health: Primary Care Development in Hong Kong: Strategy Document. Hong Kong: HKSAR. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.fhb.gov.hk/download/press_and_publications/otherinfo/101231_primary_care/e_strategy_doc.pdf Griffiths, S.M. Lee, J.P.M. (2012). Developing primary care in Hong Kong: evidence into practice and the development of reference frameworks. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 18(5), 429-434. Hong Kong Baptist Hospital (n.d.). Chinese Medicine Clinic. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.hkbh.org.hk/eng/hospital_service_chinese_medicine_clinic.php HKASR. (2008). Appendix B: Hong Kongs Current Healthcare System. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.fhb.gov.hk/beStrong/files/consultation/appendixb_eng.pdf HKSAR. (2010). Appendix C: Hong Kongs Current Private Healthcare Sector. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.myhealthmychoice.gov.hk/pdf/appendixC_eng.pdf HKSAR. (2016). Overview of the Health Care System in Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/health/hosp/overview.htm Ko, W.M. (2013). HK healthcare is a dual-track system. Retrieved 27 March from: http://archive.news.gov.hk/en/record/html/2013/04/20130409_190409.shtml Kong, X.Y., Yang, Y., Gao, J., Guan, J., Liu, Y., Wang, R.Z., Xing, B., Li., Y.N. Ma, W. B. (2015). Overview of the health care system in Hong Kong and its referential significance to mainland China. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 78, 569-573. Lee, D. Cheah, S. (2016). Hong Kong women and men enjoy worlds longest life expectancy due to low smoking rates, health experts claim. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1995947/hong-kong-women-and-men-enjoy-worlds-longest-life Mayo Clinic. (2014). Complementary and alternative medicine. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/alternative-medicine/art-20045267 Sin, C.K.L, Fu, S.N., Tsang, C.S.H., Tsui,W.W.S. Chan, F.H.W. (2015). Prevention in primary care is better than cure: The Hong Kong Reference Framework for Preventive Care for Older Adults translating evidence into practice. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 21(4), 353-359. Tollefson, E. (2015, November 25). Hong Kong has a problem with population ageing, rather than an elderly problem. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1883166/hong-kong-has-problem-population-ageing-rather-elderly World Health Organization. (2008). The World Health Report 2008 Primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever). Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/ Hong Kong Baptist Hospital (n.d.). Chinese Medicine Clinic. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.hkbh.org.hk/eng/hospital_service_chinese_medicine_clinic.php

A Night to Remember in Mexico Essay -- Mexico Personal Narratives Viol

A Night to Remember in Mexico When the event was over, it all seemed like a blur. I didn’t know what had just happened but I knew that I didn’t like it. The night was filled with frenzy in the air and liveliness in the streets. The Security guards, and for that matter the people that we had come with, departed. My friend and I, although surrounded by masses of people, stood alone on a street corner. There I was, standing in a place that was foreign to me, in which I had only two companions. The night air slapped me in the face, and I awoke to reality. I was surrounded by drunken Americans laughing and enjoying themselves on the streets. This is a night that would be burned into my memory forever; an event that would change who I am and how I looked at life, but for now it was time to figure out how to get out of Mexico. Earlier that week I had hopped in my car and headed for my friends house in Tucson. He had told me to meet him the night before we were supposed to leave so that we could pack and then get going early the next day. When I arrived at his house, still early in the day, I greeted my friend and then proceeded to throw my bags into the back of his truck. We gathered all of our things and made sure that we had all of our items. We settled in for the night at his house, excited about what was to come. Maybe these expectations would be falsified later on sure but for now all that was in our minds was the salty sea air, and the electrified dance clubs. The next day my friend Danny and I got up early to meet the people that we would be staying with, in the house we had rented in Mexico. When Danny and I arrived at the house where these people lived, I exited the truck and looked around. From first glance there s... ...he face numerous times. This problem between the group left us all defenseless in an area where none of us could let down our guards for fear of what might happen resulting from our presence in a foreign land. The three of us were able to find a cab to take us back to the house we had been staying at. Danny told me that we needed to leave that night before Mike and Matt got back. He then continued to inform me that the two had carried guns across the border and would have no qualms with coming into the house and using them on myself and the other involved in the conflict while we were asleep. We went back to the house, packed our things and headed for the border. As a result of this experience I have started to look more carefully at my first perceptions of people and going with what I believe. I was lucky to escape from this situation, not in jail and not dead.

Money Is the Root of All Evil Essay

How many times have you heard that? I have heard it more times than I can count. It is a popular thing to say, but it is definitely not true and I will try to make it clear. Without getting into a theological debate about evil or its roots, I will say that â€Å"Money is the root of all evil† is a misquote of a biblical source, in Timothy 6:10. English translations vary, but they all say something along the lines of â€Å"For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.† Do you notice the difference? It is about the love of money, not money itself, being the root of all kinds of evil, not all evil. A few small words can make a difference. If any major religions truly pointed to money as the root of all evil, a lot of people would be trying to be as poor as possible. Money would be treated like a communicable disease. (†Please don’t pay me so much!†) Some people of faith do give away most of their income or take a vow of poverty so that they are b etter able to serve others and do good works, but most of those will describe their lifestyles as a special calling or a gift, something beyond what God requires of most believers. Even if you’re not a believer, think about the logic of saying that money is the root of evil. If money were the root of all evil, only people who had money would do evil things, and the people with the most money would be the most evil of all. Though some people without money like to think that is true, it is not. Poor people can cheat and steal, assault and kill as well as rich people and people in between. Looking at it from another angle, the lack of money also causes people to do some pretty horrible things, but so do lack of power or sex, hatred, the desire for revenge and jealousy. Money is rarely on the mind of a man who drops a drug into a woman’s drink so he can take her home practically unconscious. I’ve sometimes heard â€Å"Money is the root of all evil† used as an excuse for not saving, as if to say, â€Å"I’m a better person if I’m poor.† But intentionally spending all your money as soon as you get it does not make you a better person (unless, maybe, you’re giving it all away). It makes you irresponsible. On the other hand, making good use of your resources by saving for your future does not make you evil; it makes you more able to help others (or avoid needing the help of others) when the need arises.

Background of High Tech Company Essay

1.1 Company Background of High Tech Company (HTC) High Tech Company (HTC) Corporationis a communication and internet type industry which is headquartered in Taiwan. This corporation establish in 1997-05-15.There are 16, 746 employees in the company. HTC was success become a listed company in Taiwan on 2002-03-26.HTC was also honoured as one of the world’s best 100 brands by Interbrand, in 2011. HTC is a leader in Android and Windows Mobile platforms. HTC also isa global leader in smartphone innovation and design. This company built its reputation as the behind-the-scenes designer and manufacturer of many of the most popular OEM-branded mobile devices on the market. Since 2006, HTC has regularly introduced many critically acclaimed mobile devices under their own brand, and their portfolio includes smartphones and tablets powered by the Android or Windows Phone operating systems. Their longstanding working relationships with fellow technology leaders such as Google, Microsoft and Qualcomm are more than strategic partnerships: They serve as active labs of research and development and product evolution. At HTC, collaboration is a means to a very important end: creating a holistic experience for the customer. The partners ensure that hardware, software, and content management and delivery systems are united in seamless and intuitive ways that give consumers control. Their passion always discovers the best ways to integrate state-of-the-art technologies with effortless user experiences. New products simply enable and enhance these experiences. And when their customers share their personal experiences with HTC products, they speak with passion and conviction. They encourage, embrace and celebrate users sharing their perspectives. The strength of the HTC community lies in its authenticity; it’s the most accurate and honest voice of real-world understanding available. They insist on seeing through the eyes of this community, because doing so teaches, challenges and prods them to get better at what they do — empowering their customers through personal experience. 1.2 Product background Established/Introduced in the market The Windows Phone 8X was being established in the market in November 2012. It has four types of colour, which is violet, black, red and yellow respectively. The Window Phone 8X is carved from a single shell of polycarbonate (a synthetic resin) with a matt finish. It takes a lot to dent or scratch this curved-cornered case. The phone size is 132.35 x 66.2 x 10.12 mm and is light at 130g, and cushion-shaped, with a fattish 10.1mm bulge at the back housing the battery, tapering to thinner edges. Nevertheless, Window Phone 8X also contain 1.5 GHz dual-core processor, a 4.3-inch, 1280 x 720 Super LCD 2 display (341 ppi), a built-in audio amplifier, and NFC capability. It will also be equipped with an 8 megapixel rear-facing camera, a 2.1 megapixel front-facing camera. As far as memory is concerned, the 8X will have 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB storage. Brand identity for the selected brand To become a globally recognized brand, HTC broke away from its roots as the ODM smartphone maker known as High Tech Computer Corp. to become the new face of high-end Android and Windows Mobile smartphones. â€Å"HTC Innovation† was their slogan, hammering home the idea that HTC smartphones are some of the most innovative options on market. But, as many growing/changing companies choose to do, HTC has changed their slogan. A quick visit to the HTC homepage confirms the new tagline – HTC now wants to be known as â€Å"Quietly Brilliant.† To make it as official as possible, HTC has filed for a USPTO trademark protecting the â€Å"Quietly Brilliant† tagline. The new slogan echo HTC’s position as a formidable smartphone maker that doesn’t necessarily need to make the marketing and publicity grabs that we’re used to seeing from Apple and Motorola. HTC really does seem to keep quiet about their brilliant products.

Booker T. Washington Essays - Booker T. Washington, Free Essays

Booker T. Washington Essays - Booker T. Washington, Free Essays Booker T. Washington Booker Taliaferro Washington was born on April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia near a cross-roads post-office called Hale?s Ford. He was an American educator and a black leader. When Booker was a child he worked in coal mines for nine months a year and spent the other three attending school. In 1875 he graduated after working his way through Hampton Institute. In 1881 he became the first president of Tuskegee Institute, a trade school for blacks that live in Alabama. When the Tuskegee Institute first opened it had only one teacher, about fifty students and 2,000 dollars a year from the state of Alabama. By it?s 25th anniversary under Washington?s leadership, the school had more than 1,500 students, training in 37 industries. In 1882 Booker got married to Miss Fannie N. Smith of Malden, West Virginia. Fannie died in May of 1884. One child, Portia M. Washington, was born during their two year marriage. In 1885 Booker married Miss Olivia Davidson. Later on after four happy years of marriage Miss Olivia Davidson died in 1889. Two children had been born while they were married Booker Taliaferro Jr. and Ernest Washington. In 1893 he was married to Miss Margaret James Murray, a native of Mississippi, and a graduate of Fisk University located in Nashville, Tennessee. Although Washington lived during a time in which his race was widely discriminated against, he recommended training black people for trades to build up their economic position before fighting for their integration and equality. He believed that black people advance only if they were educated. In 1895 Booker presented his views in a speech at the Atlanta Exposition, he rapidly gained the attention of white leaders. He became powerful in channeling contributions to black causes and in getting blacks appointed to federal jobs. He advised presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard taft on racial matters. Booker?s greatest surprise was the letter he received from Harvard University on May 28, 1896 inviting him to the approaching Commencement, an honorary degree on June 24. In the summer of 1900 with the assistance of Mr. T. Thomas Fortune he organized the National Negro Business League which brought together lots of colored men engaged in many lines of business from different parts of the United States. Booker died on November 14, 1915 six years after Booker died Miss Margaret died in 1925.

Free Essays on Rainbow Six

Tom Clancy Rainbow Six Tom Clancy Rainbow Six This book was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York, USA. Copyright date is 1998. There are 740 pages in this book. Thomas L. Clancy, Jr. was born on the 12th of April 1947, he is married and lives in Maryland, USA. Clancy's novels can be classified as Military-Techno-Thrillers. He has written fiction and non-fiction books, Rainbow Six is a fiction book. As for other titles, well there are just to many to list, in total 23. Some books that he has written are The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, to list a few. According to Clancy "Rainbow Six, is one of my all time favourites." The book starts with a prologue that introduces us to the one main character, John Clark, an ex-Navy SEAL, and two other characters, Alistair Stanley the executive commander of Rainbow Six, and Domingo (Ding) Chavez, the Captain of Team 2. There are two other insignificant character introduced, Clark's wife Sandy and his daughter Patsy, who is married to Ding. Patsy is pregnant. The other main character is Dmitriy Arkadeyevich Popov, he is an ex-KGB agent who is now working as a ‘special consultant'. He will become very important later on in the book. Clark is the commander and in charge of starting a new European anti-terrorist group called Rainbow Six. Rainbow Six is split into two teams; Team 1 and Team 2. These teams are the best there is. They are based in Hereford, England, but any European country can call on them at any time. They run 3 miles in 20 minutes every morning at 6:00 am. Only one team will be on-call at a time. The team that is not on-call will be doing live fire practices. In the first 6 months of being in operation they are called on three times which is a lot for this type of thing. The first incident happens in a Swiss bank where terrorists have taken control. They also have hostages. Team 2 successfully takes them out, with only one hostage killed, but he... Free Essays on Rainbow Six Free Essays on Rainbow Six Tom Clancy Rainbow Six Tom Clancy Rainbow Six This book was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York, USA. Copyright date is 1998. There are 740 pages in this book. Thomas L. Clancy, Jr. was born on the 12th of April 1947, he is married and lives in Maryland, USA. Clancy's novels can be classified as Military-Techno-Thrillers. He has written fiction and non-fiction books, Rainbow Six is a fiction book. As for other titles, well there are just to many to list, in total 23. Some books that he has written are The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, to list a few. According to Clancy "Rainbow Six, is one of my all time favourites." The book starts with a prologue that introduces us to the one main character, John Clark, an ex-Navy SEAL, and two other characters, Alistair Stanley the executive commander of Rainbow Six, and Domingo (Ding) Chavez, the Captain of Team 2. There are two other insignificant character introduced, Clark's wife Sandy and his daughter Patsy, who is married to Ding. Patsy is pregnant. The other main character is Dmitriy Arkadeyevich Popov, he is an ex-KGB agent who is now working as a ‘special consultant'. He will become very important later on in the book. Clark is the commander and in charge of starting a new European anti-terrorist group called Rainbow Six. Rainbow Six is split into two teams; Team 1 and Team 2. These teams are the best there is. They are based in Hereford, England, but any European country can call on them at any time. They run 3 miles in 20 minutes every morning at 6:00 am. Only one team will be on-call at a time. The team that is not on-call will be doing live fire practices. In the first 6 months of being in operation they are called on three times which is a lot for this type of thing. The first incident happens in a Swiss bank where terrorists have taken control. They also have hostages. Team 2 successfully takes them out, with only one hostage killed, but he... Free Essays on Rainbow Six Tom Clancy Rainbow Six This book was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York, USA. Copyright date is 1998.Clancy's novels can be classified as Military-Techno-Thrillers. He has written fiction and non-fiction books, Rainbow Six is a fiction book.The book starts with a prologue that introduces us to the one main character, John Clark, an ex-Navy SEAL, and two other characters, Alistair Stanley the executive commander of Rainbow Six, and Domingo (Ding) Chavez, the Captain of Team 2. There are two other insignificant character introduced, Clark's wife Sandy and his daughter Patsy, who is married to Ding. Patsy is pregnant. The other main character is Dmitriy Arkadeyevich Popov, he is an ex-KGB agent who is now working as a ‘special consultant'. He will become very important later on in the book. Clark is the commander and in charge of starting a new European anti-terrorist group called Rainbow Six. Rainbow Six is split into two teams; Team 1 and Team 2. These teams are the best there is. They are ba sed in Hereford, England, but any European country can call on them at any time. They run 3 miles in 20 minutes every morning at 6:00 am. Only one team will be on-call at a time. The team that is not on-call will be doing live fire practices. In the first 6 months of being in operation they are called on three times which is a lot for this type of thing. The first incident happens in a Swiss bank where terrorists have taken control. They also have hostages. Team 2 successfully takes them out, with only one hostage killed, but he is killed before they had gotten there. The first mission helps them organize themselves and fix a few holes in their planning. The second mission is in Germany. An international trader is taken hostage in his mansion. This mission goes well too, thanks to the snipers. No hostage deaths, but all the terrorists are killed. After this mission is over they realize they should have a helicopter and pilot on the team,...

Organizing Function at Exxon Mobil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizing Function at Exxon Mobil - Essay Example Organizing Function at Exxon Mobil Specifically, the essay aims to proffer an evaluation of Exxon Mobil’s organizing function of management, as it relates to physical assets and human resources. The discourse would likewise discuss an evaluation and justification of whether Exxon has optimized these organization resources for effectiveness and efficiency, as required. Company Profile Considered as one of the world’s leader in the gas and oil industry is Exxon Mobil that boasts of being â€Å"the world's largest publicly traded international oil and gas company, providing energy that helps underpin growing economies and improve living standards around the world†. Its roots are traced 125 years ago with the drilling of the first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The company is globally entrenched â€Å"holding exploration and production acreage in 38 countries and conducting production operations in 23 countries around the world† . Human Resources According to Higgin (1994), the organizing function is â€Å"establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute authority to job holders†. Exxon Mobil’s organizational structure is designed according to a grouping of segments from units, sections, divisions, and departments that work harmoniously towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. The management team at Exxon is comprised of the chairman and chief executive officer, as well as four senior vice presidents, with one assuming the basic responsibility as treasurer. A total of eleven members of the board of directors, where 10 were considered â€Å"independent as defined by New York Stock Exchange guidelines, and all directors stand for election at our Annual Meeting of Shareholders† (Exxon: Our board of d irectors, n.d., par. 1). The global workforce that compose the organization’s executive and staff positions are revealed as â€Å"nearly 80,000 employees, of which about 37 percent were located within the United States and 63 percent internationally† (Exxon: Our diverse workforce, n.d., par. 1). Of this number, more that 3,600 collaborately form the management and professional group who were hired from diverse countries all over the world. Exxon’s organizing strategy in terms of its human resources is â€Å"to increase the number of national employees over the life span of a project and to train them in technical and professional skills necessary for working on existing and future projects and operations† (Exxon: Our diverse workforce, n.d., par. 3).The strategy is applicable to human resources functions of recruitment, selection, training, maintenance and development of personnel. As indicated, the long term goal of the strategy is to hone the skills of talented personnel who are deemed competent and highly qualified to meet global demands of future needs of the organization. 2. Physical Assets Exxon Mobil has recognized the crucial importance of securing the physical assets of the organization. The organizing function required management to design a comprehensive inventory of all

Statistics in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statistics in Business - Research Paper Example Businesses come across multiple investment options at any given time. Each investment option provides numerous risk-reward outcomes. It becomes important for a decision maker to make a correct choice and statistical tools come handy there to make the most appropriate choice based on the company or risk taker’s temperament. The demographic changes and distributions are important for a marketer to make any marketing decisions. By studying demographic changes and making necessary inferences with regard to age, gender, income levels and many other socio-economic factors about its potential customers, the marketer chooses its target market and set its product pricing so as to maximize companys revenue. The marketer needs not only relevant data but they need to organize those data in such a fashion that it could provide meaningful answers to the business questions raised. Insurance business too uses statistical tools in solving business problems. Insurance business largely deals with uncertainties and yet decisions such as premium rates calculation, agent attrition and productivity rates are calculated purely based on statistical

Social Responsibility of a Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Responsibility of a Business - Term Paper Example This famous claim by Friedman however triggered a debate on what the social responsibility of a business is. The businessperson Mackey disagreed with Friedman’s thought terming it as narrow and underselling humanitarian aspect of capitalism. Mackey strongly believes that the social responsibility of a business is not only to increase profits but also to create value for all the stakeholders in the business. Mackey argues that the social responsibility of a business to shareholders, society, and the stakeholders are varied and all are satisfied in different ways, which should be taken seriously by any kind of business to be successful. I strongly agree with Mackey that the social responsibility of a business is not only to increase profits, but also to satisfy the needs of the society, shareholders, and stakeholders, which are as well important. Social responsibility of business to stakeholders The stakeholders in a business comprise the community, employees, suppliers, and cli entele. According to Mackey (2005), all these stakeholders draw the meaning of the business in their own way of satisfaction. It is worth noting that the groups’ needs are varied as well and the needs are satisfied in different ways. ... Satisfied employees in any business will translate into efficiency and quality output, which are valuable assets to the business. The social responsibility of a business to employees include, good working conditions and attractive salaries and wages, social security such as insurance and pension schemes, better living standards among others. Suppliers are as well important to a business and therefore there is need for a business to satisfy the suppliers socially. Mackey believes that all the stakeholders in a business are important for a business to attain its goals. Suppliers supply business raw materials needed to produce certain goods or services and it is their responsibility as well to get the finished products close to the customers. For the smooth functioning of the business, the social function of the business is to give them a fair deal in the business. Social responsibility of a business to shareholders The shareholders in layman’s term are the owners of a business a nd the social responsibility of the business is to satisfy their needs. Although most shareholders majorly focus on increased profits, Mackey admits this though in a different perspective. According to Mackey, profits maximization should not be the soul goal for a business but the business need to put first the interest of the entire stakeholders. Mackey (2005) argues that by putting first the interest of the stakeholders by value creation, this will act as a means to an end. As the business works hard towards maximizing profits for the investors, it is important to bear in mind that by satisfying the customers and other stakeholders, the profits are likely to increase. The shareholders being the owners of

Protein isolation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein isolation - Lab Report Example The aim of the experiment is to isolate, purify and identify Rubsico in spinach leaves using Ammonium sulphate, spectrophotometry, and electrophoresis and ion exchange techniques. Spinach leaves were described, homogenized and rubisco isolated using two grades of ammonium sulphate concentrations (37 % and 50%). Filtrates and supernatants were tested using appropriate techniques to ascertain successful isolation. (Robinson, Streusand, Chatfield and Portis, 1988) The isolate was then purified using DEAE Cellulose fast flow ion exchange chromatography and bound proteins eluted using different shades of salt concentration. Purified proteins were run on a SDS-gel electrophoresis to identify the isolate (Robinson, Streusand, Chatfield and Portis , 1988). Ammonium sulphate (salt) precipitates proteins by altering hydrogen bond interaction between protein and water molecules. Ammonium sulphate a high affinity for water molecules displaces protein molecules (lowers the solubility) thereby causing precipitation. Different protein molecules precipitate at different concentrations of ammonium sulphate and at the rate at which it is added. The effect of salt concentration on the isolation of rubisco is shown on figure 1. The absence of the rubisco band on sample p2 (protein isolated at 50 % salt concentration) shows a significant amount of the protein was isolated at 37% concentrations of ammonium sulphate. A protein molecular weight ladder shown in figure 2 was used to establish a calibration curve that used to identify the protein isolate. Figure 1 The effect of salt concentration on the isolation of proteins; the top arrows represent the samples ( from left to right: MW ladder, leaf extract filtrate, Supernatant of first precipitate (S37%), Pellet of first precipitate (S37%) at low salt, Pellet of first precipitate (S37%) at medium salt, Pellet of

Role of Farmers Markets in the Mainstream Food System Research Paper

Role of Farmers Markets in the Mainstream Food System - Research Paper Example Farmers markets in Ontario nowadays have become one of the hottest shopping spots where consumers drop in to buy fresh vegetables and fruits directly from the farmers. It has been revealed that â€Å"In Ontario.... sales at Farmers Markets total almost $600 million, leading to an economic impact of an astounding $1.8 billion† (Farmersmarketsontario). Some other studies have shown that â€Å" 60 to 70 percent of market-goers visit neighboring businesses on their way to and from the market† thereby helping other local businesses also to flourish (Farmersmarketsontario). Some farmers markets have also been contributing their profits to social causes in the form of donations to the local senior centers, libraries, and schools, thereby linking the local economy with social upliftment (Hinsley and Pascoe, 1). In addition, a review of the materials available regarding the farmers market has indicated that the 100-mile diet concept is promptly fulfilled by this initiative. This concept has a meaning that, you â€Å"try eating only from producers within 100 miles of your home† (Winter, 88). This decision is taken in order to contribute to the sustainability of local agriculture and local livelihood as well as to evolve a healthy eating habit in which maximum fresh food is consumed. The farmer's markets have also been lauded as environmentally friendly because, â€Å"locally produced food has not traveled hundreds of miles to reach them (the consumers), increasing the fossil fuel emissions that lead to global climate change† (Hinsley and Pascoe, 2).  Ã‚  

The Salem Witchcraft Trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Salem Witchcraft Trials - Essay Example One of the ways in which the Salem Witch Trials influenced the interactions between religion and the US legal system is by strengthening the US legal and court system. According to Wilson (1994), â€Å"Because of the changes that followed the Salem Witch Trials, prosecution came to involve the subtraction of religious institutions from participating in legal processes, so that religious institutions do not act as the jury. Instead, the need to adduce evidence before the court of law as the basis upon which a court case is to be sustained and the verdict is to be issued was made inevitable.† Again the need to have a competent jury to preside over cases became more perceptible. Initially, judges who presided over the Salem Witch Trials were untrained. Particularly, the idea above can be said to be true, given that during the Salem Witch Trials, a number of teenage girls leveled accusations of witchcraft against 200 people, without producing any evidence to validate their claims. Instead, the teenage girls only made unverifiable claims that they were attacked by ghosts or evil spirits. It is against this backdrop that the right to defend oneself, the right to free trial and the right to not have to present any form of incriminating testimony became necessary and can thus be traced back to the Salem Witch Trials. According to Smith (2012), â€Å"This is because, when the Massachusetts Colonial Governor, Sir William Phips saw the alarming hanging of 19 suspects and the crushing of 1 suspect to death and consequently disbanded the court presiding over the Salem Witch Trials, the need for a fairer judicial system became inevitable.† Another way in which the trials became the spring board for an independent system (devoid of purely religious claims) is through the myriad of relentless protests that ensued. Smith (2012) contends that, â€Å"The protests followed the fact that even after the convention of the second court to preside over 23 other cases, spectral evidence

Protein isolation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein isolation - Lab Report Example The aim of the experiment is to isolate, purify and identify Rubsico in spinach leaves using Ammonium sulphate, spectrophotometry, and electrophoresis and ion exchange techniques. Spinach leaves were described, homogenized and rubisco isolated using two grades of ammonium sulphate concentrations (37 % and 50%). Filtrates and supernatants were tested using appropriate techniques to ascertain successful isolation. (Robinson, Streusand, Chatfield and Portis, 1988) The isolate was then purified using DEAE Cellulose fast flow ion exchange chromatography and bound proteins eluted using different shades of salt concentration. Purified proteins were run on a SDS-gel electrophoresis to identify the isolate (Robinson, Streusand, Chatfield and Portis , 1988). Ammonium sulphate (salt) precipitates proteins by altering hydrogen bond interaction between protein and water molecules. Ammonium sulphate a high affinity for water molecules displaces protein molecules (lowers the solubility) thereby causing precipitation. Different protein molecules precipitate at different concentrations of ammonium sulphate and at the rate at which it is added. The effect of salt concentration on the isolation of rubisco is shown on figure 1. The absence of the rubisco band on sample p2 (protein isolated at 50 % salt concentration) shows a significant amount of the protein was isolated at 37% concentrations of ammonium sulphate. A protein molecular weight ladder shown in figure 2 was used to establish a calibration curve that used to identify the protein isolate. Figure 1 The effect of salt concentration on the isolation of proteins; the top arrows represent the samples ( from left to right: MW ladder, leaf extract filtrate, Supernatant of first precipitate (S37%), Pellet of first precipitate (S37%) at low salt, Pellet of first precipitate (S37%) at medium salt, Pellet of

The Salem Witchcraft Trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Salem Witchcraft Trials - Essay Example One of the ways in which the Salem Witch Trials influenced the interactions between religion and the US legal system is by strengthening the US legal and court system. According to Wilson (1994), â€Å"Because of the changes that followed the Salem Witch Trials, prosecution came to involve the subtraction of religious institutions from participating in legal processes, so that religious institutions do not act as the jury. Instead, the need to adduce evidence before the court of law as the basis upon which a court case is to be sustained and the verdict is to be issued was made inevitable.† Again the need to have a competent jury to preside over cases became more perceptible. Initially, judges who presided over the Salem Witch Trials were untrained. Particularly, the idea above can be said to be true, given that during the Salem Witch Trials, a number of teenage girls leveled accusations of witchcraft against 200 people, without producing any evidence to validate their claims. Instead, the teenage girls only made unverifiable claims that they were attacked by ghosts or evil spirits. It is against this backdrop that the right to defend oneself, the right to free trial and the right to not have to present any form of incriminating testimony became necessary and can thus be traced back to the Salem Witch Trials. According to Smith (2012), â€Å"This is because, when the Massachusetts Colonial Governor, Sir William Phips saw the alarming hanging of 19 suspects and the crushing of 1 suspect to death and consequently disbanded the court presiding over the Salem Witch Trials, the need for a fairer judicial system became inevitable.† Another way in which the trials became the spring board for an independent system (devoid of purely religious claims) is through the myriad of relentless protests that ensued. Smith (2012) contends that, â€Å"The protests followed the fact that even after the convention of the second court to preside over 23 other cases, spectral evidence

Spanish Golden Age Essay Example for Free

Spanish Golden Age Essay The Spanish Golden Age:In the context 1474 to 1598, to what extent did Ferdinand and Isabella lay the foundations for a Spanish Golden Age? By the end of the 16th century Spain had within the space of 100 year risen to become the greatest power in Europe and as quickly and dramatically as it had risen out of a divided peninsular it came crashing down back into despair. By the end of Philip II reign the country had been become bankrupt several times due to excessive spending through his reign, and as Woodward states here was ‘ plague, famine, depopulation, inflation'(1) But regardless of what happened at the end the time before hand had been called the Spanish Golden Age where Spain had a vast empire stretching along the Mediterranean all the way the vastness of the New World and the Americas and power and wealth beyond the belief of any of the other european powers. However all of this would not of been possible if not down to the work of Ferdinand(F)and Isabella(I) or the Catholic Monarchs as they came to be known and if they really did lay the foundations of a Golden Age for Spain. 1479 the year by when both Ferdinand and Isabella had become the king and queen of their realms, Aragon and Castille is what Spain was known at this time, Spain as a whole country did not exists until during Phillips reign however the pre marriage agreement of F and I was that they would rule their kingdoms jointly and any acts or policies that could be put forward would be in place for both Aragon and Castille. At the time of their succession to their thrones neither kingdom was in a tate to deal with anything beyond their own borders, the main problem was that both governments were different styles of ruling, Aragon(A) was a more federal style of government where there were 3 separate Cortes all with which F had to deal with and could not make any decisions without whereas in Castilee (C) I the Cortes had little to no power over how she would rule her country without any restraints. Now after a long succession battle after the death of the previous monarch of C the nobility had began to resist I and so he setting up of the Hermandades helped secure peace in her territory by 1498 and had significantly reduced the power of the nobility and was continually reduced throughout Is reign with the set up of Consejo Real and corregiadors who helped secured the loyalty of the classes straight to the royalty. According to Kamen at the start of their reigns F and I actually were looking for the support of the nobles and in his book he states that lavish gifts were give to those who suported them and just as equally harsh measures against those who did not(2). It was only as their reign progressed that new policies were brought about that were intended to reduce the nobles power. The reducing of the power of the nobles and the centralising of the governments that allowed a unified Spain to come about during Charles V reign. Economically the Spain was in very bad shape by the time of F and I and had to be turned around quickly if Spain was to flouish. In C seeing as I did not call the Cortes between 1483-1497 she needed income from elsewhere and this was done in the form of taxes

History Of The Universal Music Group Media Essay

History Of The Universal Music Group Media Essay Universal Music Group is one of Big four companies in the music industry. UMG was founded in 1898, when the National Gramophone Company established the Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft (Universal Music Group | Get In Media). The final name of the company, Universal, was introduced by Carl Laemmle in 1912, it was the year when the film studio came together with the music company. In 1924 the Music Corporation of America (MCA) was founded. The year 1958 was very important for Universal because MCA acquired the Universal Studios property and obtained Paramounts pre-1948 film library for its MCA TV division. The company was incorporated as MCA Inc. and it became a public company in 1959. Universal and MCA Inc. officially merged in 1962 after MCA acquired Decca Records. The main factor for Universal to get interested in concert locations and live entertainment promotions was because in 1972 Universal Amphitheatre had been opened. In 1999 the UM3 was launched, UM3 is a division of Universa l Music International that covers all areas of strategic catalog marketing outside North America. A significant fact for 2001 is that Universal formed exclusive distribution and worldwide licensing agreement with UMG. In 2002 the UMG achieved an industry milestone, and provided customers with more than 75000 download tracks. In 2003 UMG bought the rights on DreamWorks Records and collaborated with eBay to establish Universal Music Store. UMe Digital, an all-digital download label, was formed in 2004 through which UMG achieved a 43,07% market share for week-ending November 14th, the highest in Soundscan history. In 2008, 1 billion video streams have been delivered on YouTube by UMG. In the following year UMG created VEVO and the companies Sony and EMI joined VEVO. In 2011 UMG signed a global agreement for The Voice ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (History | Universal Music). The Universal Music Group is completely owned by the French media corporation Vivendi. In 2010, the UMG had 6967 employees. The turnover of UMG in 2010 cost $5584 million. Universal Music Group operates in 72 countries, including North American headquarters in Santa Monica and New York (Universal Music Group | Get In Media). UMG is involved in different types of media fields such as Film and Music. Every part has with his single productions a specified target group. The music column of UMG includes such a huge range of artists and genres that it is covering all types of target groups. Business customers of the UMG are distributors and companies from the same industry column. UMG sells its products and services in different ways. For instance, the company uses a network of subsidiaries, joint ventures and licensees (Universal Music Group, Inc.: Private Company Information Businessweek). UMG produces musical recordings which represent 70% of the income, and lyrics and musical scores which represent only 20% of the income. The companys products list also consists of the production of master recordings, the manufacture and packaging of CDs and the production of databases to distribute downloads of recordings. It is well-known that Universal Music Group works with different popular artists such as Lady Gaga, Gwen Stefani, Chamillionaire, and The Black Eyed Peas. Music: EMI EMI Music is one of the worlds leading music companies, home to some of the most successful and most popular recording artists. http://cdn.pitchfork.com/news/44611/cacd3a76.png In 1887, Emile Berliner invented his Gramophone method of recording and reproducing sound using discs, a process that would modernize the way music was heard and experienced. The history of EMI starts at The Gramophone Company in London. Founded in 1897, the company took the lead in bringing together the new sound recording machines and musicians. In 1930, the Great Depression struck the recording industry. As a response, The Gramophone Company and the Columbia Graphophone Company agreed to a merger in 1931. The new firm was named Electric and Musical Industries (EMI). EMI also opened the worlds first custom-made recording studio at Abbey Road in London. Around 1950, EMI was the licensee for the major record companies RCA Victor and Columbia Records outside of North and south America. The license agreement between EMI and Columbia ended in 1952, EMI and RCA ended in 1957. EMI had to look for American artists by itself. In 1955 EMI bought Capitol Records, one of the largest US record companies. EMI increased its investment in UK while developing its list of American artists. In the 1960s British pop music exploded. With the success of The Beatles and other EMI artists, the company became the label of first choice for any ambitious British artist. The companys artist list was incredible during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1974, EMI renamed their publishing operation to EMI Music Publishing. The late 1980s and early 1990s were a changing period for EMI. By the start of the 1990s the new CD format accounted for the majority of albums sold by EMI. In 1989 SBK Entertainment World was acquired, making EMI Music Publishing the acknowledged world leader. In 1990, EMI fully owned Chrysalis Records. In 1992, EMI bought the Virgin Music Group, at the time the largest independent music company in the world. In 1997 EMI established the EMI Music Sound Foundation to help support future generations of musicians. EMIs first websites went online in 1993 and 1994, and in 1998 EMI stre amed the first album over the internet. The following year EMI was the first company to publish a digital album download and in 2001 EMI launched the first video clip over the internet. In 2007 EMI became the first major music company to make its music accessible without digital rights management software and at a much higher sound quality than before. In 2011 EMI Music launched OpenEMI to connect directly with the tech developer community around the world. Today EMIs music is available to purchase digitally through hundreds of services around the world. (History | EMI Music) (Press, 1998) The owners of EMI are Universal Music Group and Sony/ATV Music Publishing. EMI has 515 employees in 2012 and is a private sector. (Half of EMI Publishings staff could go if Sony/ATV deal goes through | CMU: Complete Music Update, 2012) EMI provides products such as music, music-recording, music-publishing and music-retailing. The first shop EMI opened was in 1921, called HMV shop on Oxford Street in London. Nowadays, EMI owns 330 HMV music stores and Dillons bookstores. The most significant non-music product was the revolutionary new Computed Tomographic X-ray scanning device in 1972. In the year 1997 the company had 60 labels in 46 countries, including mainstream labels. The company had 17699 employees. The sales in 1997 have been $5.58 billion. Print: Bertelsmann Bertelsmann is an international media corporation and is a private company. They provide information, entertainment and media services, publishing and music. Bertelsmann wants to make a contribution to society and to become the leaders in the media-market. They mostly focus on their creative content and their relationship with their customers. Bertelsmann operates in 63 countries. http://www.arvato-russia.com/images/Bertelsmann_Logo_sRGB_orig.jpg C. Bertelsmann Verlag was founded in 1835, in Gà ¼tersloh Germany by Carl Bertelsmann. It first started as a publishing house and print shop which mainly focused on Christian songs and books. Later on, Carls son Heinrich started to publish novels in 1851. Business was going good for Bertelsmann Verlag and they slowly expanded during the following years. During the second world war, Bertelsmann had become the biggest producer of Nazi propaganda. In that period, they had published books by Nazi authors, for example Will Vesper and Hans Grimm. At the end of the war, publishing was closed for a while because of illegal paper-trading. In 1947, Reinhard Mohn re-founded the company. During the 1950s, the company was expanded with the book-club: Bertelsmann Lesserring. In 1958, they entered the music business with the LP label: Ariola Records. In 1964, they came into the movie market with the purchase of Ulfa Filmproduktionsgesellschaft. In 1973 Bertelsmann got the majority ownership of Gruner und Jahr-publishing, which produced magazines and newspapers. In 1979 Bertelsmann started to expand internationally. In that year they bought the American label: Arista and in the following years they bought Bantam Books, RCA Victor, houseDoubleday and Windham Hill Records. In 1996 Bertelsmann took full control of Windham Hill Records. During this per iod of time, the activities in the music business were bundled into the label BMG. From 1995 to 2000 Bertelsmann had an Internet service provider and started working together with AOL that worked all over Europe. In 1995 the Ufa Film- und Fernseh-GmbH fused with CLT, Luxembourg. The result was RTL Group, the biggest private radio and TV broadcaster in Europe. In 1998 Thomas Middelhoff became CEO of Bertelsmann. He purchased the Random House publishing house and focused on the groups worldwide book publishing operations. In 1999, Bertelsmann introduced bol.com. On October 1, 2008 Bertelsmann sold 50% of Sony BMG to Sony Corporation of America. Sony then renamed its fully owned music business to Sony Music Entertainment. These two withdrawals meant the end of the Bertelsmann Music Group department and the belongings that Bertelsmann wanted to keep from these sell-offs, will be the beginning of a upcoming BMG department, BMG Rights Management, which will concentrate on building, managi ng and marketing artist rights. (History Bertelsmann SE Co. KGaA) (Bertelsmann : definition of Bertelsmann and synonym of Bertelsmann (English)) On August 20, 2012, Bertelsmann changed its legal form from Bertelsmann AG to Bertelsmann SE Co. KGaA, a partnership limited by shares (KGaA). KGaA is a proven legal form for businesses owned by families or foundations that are widely used in Germany. Bertelsmann is for 77.4% owned by the Bertelsmann Foundation, a non-profit organization started by the Mohn family. The Mohn family holds the remaining 22.6% of the company. Bertelsmann has over 100.000 employees. Radio and Television: BBChttp://images2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb58377/bbc-sherlock/images/e/e4/BBC.jpg The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster and is the largest broadcaster in the world with around 23.000 employees and an income of  £5.086 billion in 2012. In 1922, BBC Ltd. was created by John Reith who became the first General Manager. From the first daily transmission from 2LO, first regular news bulletin, first outside broadcast, first daily weather forecast to the first edition of the Radio Times published, BBC managed to keep its worldwide fame and to develop. The most important period for BBC is the digital decade due to the fact that they had the opportunity to expand the company and to attract more customers. The BBC is a public service broadcaster that functions under a Royal Charter, a Licence and Agreement from the Home Secretary. The company has a large variety of products and services which come up to costumers expectations. For example, the BBC provides several television channels in the UK including two main channels (BBC One and BBC Two), some secondary channels (BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News, BBC Parliament) and two childrens channels (CBBC and CBeebies). Another valuable product offered by BBC is the Radio. Nowadays, the company holds ten national radio stations, six stations providing the BBC Regions and many others which cover the local regions in England. As a matter of fact five of the ten national stations are major labels and can be found on FM, DAB and online. They offer a large variety of musical genres such as new music and popular styles, country and soul music or classical and jazz music. The BBC Radio 5 Live is available 24 hours a day and provides people with news, sport and talk programs. BBC has the most important news channels in the entire world such as BBC News, BBC Parliament and BBC World News. BBC promotes the brand name of BBC Red Button which is an interactive digital television service. This service can be accessed from any BBC channel and it has different kinds of characteristics as full-color graphics, photographs and video. The company operates in many countries and regions. BBC has an US general entertainment channel which is co-owned with Discovery Networks, a Canadian general entertainment channel and a Canadian childrens programming channel which is co-owned with Shaw Media and a general entertainment channel available in Asia, Europe/Middle East, India, Latin America, Nordic, Poland and South Africa. The BBC Lifestyle channel can be seen in Poland, Scandinavia, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Africa and BBC Knowledge is available in Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Hong Kong, Indonesia, New Zealand, Poland, Scandinavia, Singapore and South Africa. Apart from this, the BBC Company created several news channels in different languages such as Persian, Dari and Tajik. Naturally, some radio stations from BBC can be found in USA, Canada, Scotland and England. BBC operates worldwide and it has a great influence in the world of Radio and Television. BBC sells its products in the entire world through their own organization which is called BBC Worldwide. BBC provides products for both business customers and private customers. Many companies from different countries buy products from BBC. BBC Worldwide Consumer Products distributes the BBCs products through DVD, Blu-Ray and DTO. The private customers consists of children, teenagers and adults. New Media: Twitterhttps://si0.twimg.com/a/1350072692/images/resources/twitter-bird-callout.png Twitter is a real-time information network that connects you to the latest stories, ideas, opinions and news about what you find interesting. Twitter is a social network and in the internet industry. (About Twitter) Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Evan Williams, and Biz Stone and launched on 15 July 2006. In March 2008, Twitter registered 1.3 million users. In September 2011, Twitter counted 200 million users, of which were 100 million active users who log in once a month, and 50 million active users who log in every day. In April 2010, The companys first advertising platform is introduced, also called Promoted Tweets. The first promoted Tweet was by Advertising Age. In June 2010, Promoted Trends is launched. In October 2010, Promoted Accounts went live, and is based on Suggestions for You. (Buck, 2011) The founders of Twitter are also the owners. Twitter counts 900+ employees in 2012. Twitter is a private company and operates worldwide. Twitter is available on computers, tablets, and on mobile devices. Twitter connects businesses to customers in real time-and businesses use Twitter to quickly share information with people interested in their products and services, gather real-time market intelligence and feedback, and build relationships with customers, partners and influencers. (About Twitter) Film: 20th Century Fox It all started in 1915, FOX Film Corporation was formed by the theater chain developer William G Fox, as a combination of his two companies Greater New York Film Rental and Fox Office Attractions company. De Luxe formed the film and camera department for the studios. Thomas Dixon moved to Los Angeles to setup Dixon Studios, Laboratory and Press. In 1917 FOX sent a representative to Hollywood with the idea to start business at the West coast. The development started at the Dixon studios, which is situated in East Hollywood at Sunset and Western, it was Foxs base for the time between 1917 to 1924. In 1925, Fox bought the rights to the movie tone sound system, which became Fox Movie tone. With the luck and success of Jazz in 1927 William Fox hurried construction of state-of-the-art soundstages. In 1929 through the market crash Fox film, with more than 500 theaters, got into bankruptcy (Century City Chamber of Commerce | History of Century City).http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR UtQP24ID5fwEoYfehkSPcsUcE46tnoWJe_nw7peFEcTaw3iOGBAhnBZsY In the year 1935, the companies Greater New York Film rental and FOX office attractions Co. merged with the 20th century pictures and established the company 20th century FOX (20th Century Fox | ÃÅ"ber Fox). The company is established on 31 May 1935. Since then, the 20th century Fox produced and conferred Films in North America. Noticeable is also the 20th Century Fox Logo which was created in 1935. The fact that the logo is created in the same year as the company established, shows that the company identifies itself with its history (Century City Chamber of Commerce | History of Century City). In February 1953, Fox bought the right of a new projection system called CinemaScope, the company announced that all Fox pictures would be made in this process. The project included also a new CinemaScope anamorphic lens which was added to the front of the projector at the same time wider screens had to be installed, that year shows that the company was always keen to invest and trust new technology (Home | 20th Century Fox Studios). In 1956 Mr Zanuck F. announced his resignation as head of production. In 1961 the management changed, Darryl F. Zanuck was appointed as chairman and his son Richard Zanuck took on the role of president. At that time a series of cheap but popular movies were made, they brought Fox back to the position being a major player. The year 1965 was surprising for 20th century Fox. The Sound of Music, which increased the studios fortunes, rescued the company and became an all-time greatest box-office hit. In 1971 Mr Zanuck left the position as a chairman and a few bad years followed resulting in some losses. The new president in 1972 was Dennis Stanfill, he came together with Alan Ladd Jr. and they got Fox back on track. The year 1977 was the year of Star Wars, one of the most popular movies of Fox. In 1978 the control of the company passed to investors Marc Rich and Marvin Davis. The company grew and expended very fast, in the 1980s Mr Rupert Murdoch integrated the company to the News Corpora tion which gave the company a huge financial support and opened new doors worldwide. The company started to concentrate on three main points; the home entertainment, cinema, and the TV industry. These three points together are the FOX Film Entertainment Group. Since 2006 the company is the worldwide video distributor for the MGM/UA library. 20th Century Pictures is an independent Hollywood film production company established by Joseph Schenck in the year 1933. The company is still based in Los Angeles and has these days two other bigger main branches, Sydney Australia and Baja Mexico (Century City Chamber of Commerce | History of Century City). 20th century FOX is one of the big 6 Film production companies on our planet, the company it has establishments in more than 80 countries. Since 1985 the company is a subsidiaries of the News Corporation, Rupert Murdoch is the head and owner of 20th Century Fox. The produced Films, TV-shows and Music are making the company distinctive. To give a quick survey of how much 20th Century Fox has only gained by North American box offices the following application is added. (Statistics on 20th century fox | Statista) Chapter 2: Macro Environment Chapter 3: New Product/Service Chapter 4: Company Visitshttp://www.kpn.com/v2/upload/8eb06cd9-527d-433d-ad53-4f62e84844c0_image88.jpg FARC chose Spotify as a new product, which is described in chapter 3. FARC chose two companies to visit, which are called KPN and Hi!, because Hi! is a part of KPN and they are both involved with Spotify in the same way. KPN is the top telecommunications and IT service provider in The Netherlands, offering wire line and wireless telephony, internet and TV to customers. KPN operates in the ICT and Telecom sector. The history of KPN starts in 1852, when the government constructed telegraph lines which it intended to operate itself. The first independent company was established in 1893: the Post and Telegraph Administration (PT). In 1915, the Post and Telegraph Administration became a state-owned company. This meant that the government and parliament could have greater insight into the financial situation of what was still popularly called PT. The first world war caused cutback measures for PT and in response the government changed the name to The Netherlands Postal and Telecommunications Services (PTT). At the beginning of 1941, the German occupying forced granted the PTT co rporate rights, but in practice there was no question of freedom. Because of the war, the PTT came to a standstill. There wasnt enough personnel available to keep the service running. In 1955, the PTT became a state-controlled company again. On 1 January 1989, PTT became Koninklijke PTT Nederland (KPN). With the emergence of Internet and e-mail in 1998, the PTT Post and PTT Telecom started to drift apart and split up in the same year. PTT Telecom became KPN. KPN won the International GTB (Global Telecoms Business) Innovation Award in September 2007 for the innovative strength of its new fiber-optic network. Nowadays, everything is oriented to improving quality, service and technique, so as to become the best service provider and to strengthen the companys market position in the Netherlands. (History KPN)http://www.kpn.com/v2/upload/20b9646e-7f9b-4e47-8810-bb3d1d568a05_kpn-rest.jpg KPN counted 31.084 employees in the Netherlands in December 2011. KPN is a big company because it operates internationally with different brands (Kernfeiten KPN). Under Section 6, Part 4 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code, the procedures for large companies are obligatory for KPN. As such, KPN has a two-tier management structure with a Board of Management and a Supervisory Board. KPN was privatized in 1989. (Juridische structuur KPN) KPN offers an All-in-one Standard bundle, which provides fast internet, telephone and television, and free Spotify Premium. KPN also has a telephone subscription service where they offer Spotify Premium with 500MB for à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬10,00 extra a month, and the first three months are free. KPN produces the products and services: landline, mobile telephony, internet, and digital television. Spotify is an additional service to the existing supplies mobile telephony and the internet. It is not yet known how long the Spotify deal will be provided or if the Spotify deal will be offered in the future. Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusions

How Wilfred Owen Challenges The Romanticised & Glamorised Picture Of Wa

How Wilfred Owen Challenges The Romanticised & Glamorised Picture Of War This essay is to explain and to show how Wilfred Owen challenges the glamorised image surrounding the war. This glamorous image was created by the media in order to get people to join up for the war, as a result of the propaganda people believed that it was honourable to go to war and you would be regarded as a hero. To do this I will need to present evidence, using quotes and commentating on his various writing techniques. To show this I am going to write about two of his poems: Dulce et decorum est and Disabled. Both of these poems are renowned for challenging the propaganda created by the media and proves that it was all lies created to make people sign up for war and it's not in any way honourable, heroic, glamorous or romantic to die in the war. These poems have credibility because Owen has first hand experience in the war as he served in WW1. He uses this to his advantage and writes truthfully and openly to crush any remaining propaganda that may still say that it is sweet and fitting to die for your country. Dulce et decorum est is a poem that follows a nameless man through a day during WW1 and describes some of the things that he saw. He writes that they look 'like old beggars'. This is an effective simile because when you think of 'old beggars' you think of dirty, scruffy, weak ill people, which is a complete contradictory to the image of a soldier that the media created using propaganda. They were 'coughing like old hags'. This is a simile. 'hags' are unhealthy and unfit and this is not what soldiers are expected to be like. 'All went lame, all blind;/Drunk with fatigue.' This is written in the past tense and it is ono... ... same but it is put in different style of writing. At the end in Dulce he directly addresses the reader, angrily and definite. Disabled has the same message but instead of telling you what you should and shouldn't do it makes you think. The message is there but in a different way. The characters in each poem are completely different. Dulce's character is written about in first person narrative and the man who dies is anonymous, which I think symbolises how you don't have to know some one to be permanently affected by their death. It shows that death can strike anyone. The man died by accident. Disabled though gave us a history of the character, so we knew a little bit about his personality and what he used to be like before the war. I think this shows us how much one person can be changed and how his life has been ruined just because he couldn't say no.

Fatty Acids are Needed for Growth Essay -- Health Nutrition Papers

Fatty Acids are Needed for Growth The lipids of our central nervous system contain high proportions of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6, AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) which are the two most important polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain. Levels of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) are low, usually less than 1% to 2% of total fatty acids (Innis, S78-79). Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are precursors to AA and DHA; they are elongated and desaturated to form AA and DHA (Clandinin, 27). The brain growth in humans begins early in the third trimester of pregnancy. This is the most important period for brain AA and DHA accumulation (Innis, S78-79). Therefore, the composition of fat in the brain during this period is very important for normal growth and development of the brain. Any changes in the balance of the fatty acids in the dietary fat intake will result in changes in the membrane functioning of brain cells. During this prenatal life, lipids are mostly needed for structural and regulatory functions. After birth, the infant is challenged by changes in the lipid sources. The response to these changes can be altered by changes in the diet composition. For example, a newborn infant’s response to human milk is considered to be ideal, therefore baby formulas try to mimic that response (Biervliet, S101). Studies have shown that fatty acid accumulation in the brain increases as the pregnancy progresses. It reaches the maximum level of accumulation toward the end of the pregnancy. But there are differences in the rate of accumulation of these fatty acids. For example, DHA levels in the cerebrum increase as the percentage of the total fatty acid, whereas AA levels decrease during ... ...awlosky, Robert J, and Salem, Norman Jr. "Ethanol exposure causes a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid and an increase in docosapentaenoic acid in feline brains and retinas." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (6). June 1995, 1284-9. Stryer, Lubert. Biochemistry. Fourth edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 1995, 687-88. Uavy, Ricardo, Birch, Eileen, Birch, David, and Peirano, Patricio. "Visual and brain function measurements in studies of n-3 fatty acid requirements of infants." The Journal of Pediatrics. 120 (4)(pt 2). Apr 1992, S168-80. Van Biervliet, J.P., Vinaimont, N., Vercaemst, R., and Rosseneu, M. "Serum cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and high-density lipoprotein development in newborn infants: Response to formulas supplemented with cholesterol and gamma-linolenic acid." The Journal of Pediatrics. 120(4)(pt 2). Apr 1992, S101-8.

Credit Agreement Resolutive Condition

Pactum reservati dominii 2. Facts of the case and the issues to be decided4 3. Validity and effects of pactum reservati dominii in the present case5 Conclusion7 References8 Table of Cases Quirk’s Trustees v Assignees of Liddle & Co. (1884 – 1885) 3 SC 322 Courtney-Clarke v Bassingthwaighte 1990 NR 89 (HC) Smith & Venter v Fourie 1946 WLD 9 R v Ellinas 1949 (2) SA 45 Gosvenar Motors v Samson 1956 (3) SA 169 National Motors v Fall 1958 (2) SA 570 IntroductionThe law governing credit transactions is the Credit Agreement Act 75 of 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) which replaced the Hire-Purchase Act 36 of 1942 as a result of Proclamation AG 17/1981 which states that â€Å"Subject to the provisions of this Proclamation, the Credit Agreements Act, 1980 shall apply to the territory of South West Africa. † The act regulates transactions where movable goods are purchased or leased on credit. It also applies to services rendered on credit.According to the Act, a c redit agreement is a credit transaction or a leasing transaction or any transaction with the same import regardless of its form or regardless of the fact that the transaction(s) is subject to resolutive or suspensive conditions. For the purpose of this assignment, I will only discuss issues pertaining to credit transaction because the case of Quirk’s Trustees which is central to the question whether there is sale before the last assignment is paid falls with the ambit of this paper.A credit transaction according to the Act includes ‘goods sold and services rendered against payment of a stated of determinable future date or in whole or in part in instalments over a period in future’. Section 1 (b) states that the â€Å"goods† shall mean movable goods or in other words movable property. This point is significant given the nature of the problem we are faced with of whether a contract of sale by credit exists. 1. Pactum reservati dominii Before looking at the facts in the case of Quirk’s Trustees v Assignees of Liddle & Co . It is important to briefly discuss the concept of pactum reservati dominii. Credit agreements are in a form of pactum reservati dominii which entails that the seller allows the purchaser to take possession of the goods but ownership is retained by the sell until the buyer or purchaser has paid all the instalments. The pactum reservati dominii is meant to protect the seller who sells goods on credit. It also provides the seller with security in case the buyer defaults on the payment of instalments. The pactum clause is the same as a suspensive condition.It suspends not only ownership but also the whole contract of sale until the fulfilment of the suspensive condition – the payment of the purchase price in full. It means that unless there is an agreement to the contrary, the risk will only pass to the buyer when the last instalment has been paid. Consequently, the Aedilitian remedies for defects of the go ods are not available to the buyer until the payment of the last instalment. 2. Facts of the case and the issues to be decided The case of Quirk’s Trustees v Assignees of Liddle & Co is concerned with the transfer of ownership.The Briefly the facts from the headnotes are as follows: Q sold the furniture, fitting and stock of a certain hotel premises to L. , who subsequently assigned his estate for the benefit of his creditors, and Q and L. ’s assignees the entered into the following written agreement: â€Å" Sold by L. ’s assignees to Q. all the furniture, fitting etc. – in fact, everything stored in the town for ? 650, Q. to give bills at three, six, nine and twelve months. Property in goods bought to pass to Q. only upon payment of the last bill†. The greater portion of the goods so sold was delivered to Q. who, however, neither gave the bills nor paid any portion of the price. Q. the surrendered his estate. Q. ’s trustees and L. ’s assignees both claimed the goods delivered to Q. The issues were (a) whether this was a valid sale on credit and (b) whether ‘upon a contract of sale of goods the property must be held to pass forthwith to the purchaser, notwistanding a condition attached to the contract that the property shal only pass upon payment of the last of several promissory notes, payable at different dates, agreed to be given by the purchaser in payment of the rice. ’ 3. Validity and effects of pactum reservati dominii in the present case The Credit Agreement Act provides the following regulation: (1) The Minister may†¦. (a)prescribe the maximum period within which the full price under a credit agreement shall be paid; (b)prescribe the portion of the cash price or any other consideration which shall be paid or delivered as an initial payment or initial rental in terms of a credit agreement; (c)prescribe the manner in which the price of any goods or service shall be displayed or advertise d; d)generally, prescribe any such conditions as he may find fit in regard to any credit agreement. (2) Different regulations may be made under subsection (1) in respect of different credit agreements, kinds of credit agreements, goods, services, classes or groups of goods or services, credit grantors or credit receivers or categories of credit grantors or credit receivers. It is also worth mentioning that Section 1 (b) states that the â€Å"goods† shall mean movable goods or in other words movable property. There is no doubt that the parties agree that the buyer will pay in instalments.There is also no doubt that the buyer did not honour the agreement. The problem that we have to deal with is whether this type of agreement can be regulated by the Credit Agreement Act 75 of 1980 which is still applicable in Namibia despite the fact that where it originated in South Africa, it has since been replaced by a more progressive and market cognizance National Credit Act. Based on our understanding of Section 1 (b) the agreement does not fall within the realm of the Act and hence it cannot be said to be a credit agreement as it involve sale of immovable property.This agreement is rather governed by two Acts that are still applicable to our law i. e. Formalities in Respect of Contracts of Sale of Land Act 71 of 1969 and Sale of Land on Instalments Act 72 of 1971. Although the merx is sold with movable properties, the substance of the agreement is the building and land on which it stands and not the furniture, fittings etc. Section 5 of the Act provides for the following requirements of the contents of the credit agreement that†¦.. ; (1) Subject to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. any credit agreement shall- (a)be reduced to writing and signed by or on behalf of every party thereto; b)state the names of the credit grantor and the credit receiver and their business or residential addresses or, if they do not have such addresses, any other address in the territory; (c)state the amount paid or to be paid as an initial payment or as initial rental; (d)contain a description whereby the goods or service to which that credit agreement relates, and any goods delivered to the credit grantor as payment, may be readily identified; (e)if it is an instalment sale transaction, state the conditions, if any, as to the reservation and passing of the ownership of the goods to which that credit agreement relates; f)if it is an instalment sale transaction or a leasing transaction, state the conditions, if any, as to the right of the credit grantor to the return of the goods to which that credit agreement relates; (g)contain a reference to the provisions of section 13; (h)be in the official language which the credit receiver may request in writing. (2) No person shall be a party to a credit agreement which does not comply with a requirement referred to in subsection (1): Provided that a credit agreement which does not comply with any such requirement shall not merely for th at reason be invalid. 3) If after delivery to the credit receiver of goods to which a credit agreement relates, the credit grantor and the credit receiver agree that those goods or any part thereof shall be replaced by any other goods, the goods to be described in terms of subsection (1)(d) in that credit agreement shall, as from the date on which those goods are or any part thereof is replaced, be the goods to which that credit agreements relates. We can rightfully contend that agreements do not always show clearly their true nature. A contract, though called by the parties a credit agreement, is really one of sale if it does not entitle the buyer to sale.The condition as to the passing of ownership is a suspensive one if the ownership is not to pass till all instalments have been paid. , Conclusion A consideration of the Quirk’s case shows that a suspensive condition is of more frequent occurrence than a resolutive one. A resolutive condition provides that the ownership sha ll pass to the buyer immediately on delivery, but revert to the seller if the instalments have not been paid by a certain time, or on any other event. What is known as lex commissoria usually takes the form of such a resolutive condition.It appears, however, that the lex commissoria does not concern the passing of ownership. In the present case, it is clear that this is not a credit agreement although the makers chose to call it as such and that it resembles a credit agreement. It is rather a matter of substance versus form. . References R R Pennington Retention of Title to the Sale of Goods under European Law The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr. , 1978), 277- 318. C Visser, JT Pretorius, R Sharrock and M van Jaarveld Gibson South African Merchadile & Company Law 8th ed. Cape Town: Juta & Co